Organizational Behaviour Case Study Free Essays

Hourly workersâ€people who are paid a set dollar sum for every hour they workâ€have since quite a while ago been the foundation of the U. S. economy. We will compose a custom paper test on Authoritative Behavior Case Study or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Be that as it may, times are changing, and with them so additionally is the parcel of the hourly specialist. As they can with most business conditions, associations can adopt a more extensive assortment of strategies to overseeing pay for hourly laborers. Furthermore, no place are these distinctions more obvious than in the differentiating conditions for hourly specialists at General Motors and Wal-Mart. General Motors is an old, conventional modern organization that as of not long ago was the nation’s biggest business. What's more, for a considerable length of time, its hourly specialists have been secured by solid trade guild like the United Auto Workers (UAW). These associations, thus, have manufactured agreements and set up working conditions that nearly appear to be antiquated in today’s economy. Consider, for instance, the business states of Tim Philbrick, a forty-two-year-old plant specialist and patron at the firm’s Fairfax plant close to Kansas City who has worked for GM for twenty-three years. Mr. Philbrick makes nearly $20 an hour in base compensation. With a little extra time, his yearly income top $60,000. Be that as it may, and still, after all that, he is a long way from the most generously compensated assembly line laborer at GM. Talented exchange laborers like circuit repairmen and toolmakers make $2 to $2. 50 an hour more, and with more prominent extra time openings regularly make $100,000 or more every year. Mr. Philbrick additionally gets a no-deductible medical coverage strategy that permits him to perceive any specialist he needs. He gets a month of excursion for each year, in addition to fourteen day off at Christmas and in any event one more week off in July. Mr. Philbrick gets two paid twenty-three-minute breaks and a paid thirty-minute mid-day break every day. He additionally has the alternative of resigning following thirty years with full advantages. GM assesses that, with benefits, its normal laborer makes more than $43 60 minutes. Maybe as anyone might expect, at that point, the firm is continually searching for chances to diminish its workforce through wearing down and reductions, with the objective of supplanting creation limit with lower-cost work abroad. The UAW, then again, obviously, is firmly contradicted to encourage workforce decreases and reductions. What's more, long-standing work manages carefully direct who gets additional time, who can be laid off and who can’t, and horde other business condition for Mr. Philbrick and his companions. Be that as it may, the circumstance at GM is very differentâ€in a great deal of waysâ€from conditions at Wal-Mart. Along a wide range of measurements Wal-Mart is gradually replacing General Motors as the quintessential U. S. enterprise. For instance, it is developing quickly, is turning out to be increasingly more imbued in the American way of life, and now utilizes a greater number of individuals than GM did in its prime. Be that as it may, the hourly specialist at Wal-Mart has an entirely different encounter than the hourly laborer at GM. For instance, think about Ms. Nancy Handley, a twenty-seven-year-old Wal-Mart worker who directs the men division at a major store in St. Louis. Occupations like Ms. Handley’s pay somewhere in the range of $9 and $11 60 minutes, or about $20,000 per year. About $100 a month is deducted from Ms. Handley’s check to help spread the expense of advantages. Her medical coverage has a $250 deductible; she at that point pays 20 percent of her medicinal services beds as long as she utilizes a lot of affirmed doctors. During her average workday, Ms. Handley gets tow fifteen-minute breaks and an hour for lunch, which are unpaid. Some vibe that conditions are lacking. Barbara Ehrenreich, writer of Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, worked at a Wal-Mart while investigating her book and now says, â€Å"Why would anyone set up with the wages we were paid? † But Ms. Handley doesn’t feel abused by Wal-Mart. A long way from it, she says she is suitably made up for what she does. She has gotten three legitimacy brings up over the most recent seven years and has adequate employer stability. Also, on the off chance that she chooses to pursue headway, Wal-Mart appears to offer extensive potential, advancing a large number of hourly laborers a year to the positions of the board. Also, Ms. Handley is unmistakably not one of a kind in her viewsâ€Wal-Mart representatives routinely dismiss all suggestions from trade guilds. In the twenty-first century, the hole between â€Å"Old Economy† and â€Å"New Economy† laborers, between unionized assembling laborers and nonunion or administration laborers, might be contracting. Associations are losing their capacity in the automobile business, for instance, as remote claimed plants inside the United States give creators, for example, Toyota and BMW, which are nonunion, a cost advantage over the Big Three U. S. automakers. U. S. irms are telling the UAW and different associations, â€Å"We’re getting noncompetitive, and except if you sort out the [foreign-claimed firms], we’re must change the proposition we make you. † simultaneously, Wal-Mart is confronting claims from representatives who mollusk the retailer constrained them to work unpaid extra time, among different charges. At Las Vegas store, the firm faces its first association political decision. In reality as we know it where Wal-Mart utilizes three fold the number of laborers as GM, it might be unavoidable that the retailer’s work will sort out. Then again, will trade guilds keep on losing their capacity to decide working conditions for America’s workforce? References: Joann Muller, â€Å"can The UAW Stay in the Game?† Business Week, June 10, 2002. HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.businessweek.com† www.businessweek.com on June 3, 2002; Mark Gimein, â€Å"Sam Walton Made Us a Promise,† Fortune, March 18, 2002. HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.fortune.com† www.fortune.com on June 3, 2002. The most effective method to refer to Organizational Behavior Case Study, Free Case study tests

Describe the main duties of an Accountable Manager. How does the Coursework - 1

Depict the principle obligations of an Accountable Manager. How does the holder of this position identify with the monetary administration - Coursework Example The responsible chief is normally considered to have some situation in the Board of executives or other equal body of the organization. This permits him an all the more close association with the proprietors of the organization. In this way, the targets set by the Board of Directors contain a conclusion on his part. It additionally helps him further to comprehend the targets completely and other hidden prerequisites of these goals. The nearness of an individual in setting destinations makes such chief increasingly responsible as the goals are set with full cooperation of such administrator. In any case, bigger associations typically comprise of more than one units who either ward of one another or autonomously work to accomplish the ideal outcomes and destinations. The guidelines for every one of these units are additionally extraordinary. In this way, extraordinary responsible administrators are designated for every one of these units who manage crafted by these units. These supervisors are responsible to their separate Regulatory body. Typically, responsible chiefs are exclusively liable for the achievement of wanted targets. Nonetheless, the undertakings are not completed by only them. An enormous number of subordinates are included and it is unavoidable for the responsible supervisor to depend upon crafted by subordinate chiefs. In any case, these subordinates are mindful to answer to the responsible director about their work. The Accountable administrator is after all liable for their own work s well as crafted by their subordinates. In view of such more prominent duty, the responsible chiefs are not given whatever other assignment which they are fit for completing. The explanation is that the center isn't occupied to whatever other work which is less significant than the essential employment of such supervisor. In the event of organizations which complete air tasks, the responsible administrator is mindful to the administrative body, either inside or outside the organization, for all the activities which are

Yall, Im Getting Pretty Excited About Agoras Diverse Crime Fiction

Yall, Im Getting Pretty Excited About Agoras Diverse Crime Fiction Agora, the imprint from Polis books focused on publishing crime fiction from diverse authors, has been one of the best things to happen to indie lit in quite some time. As we have written about here at Book Riot, Polis founder Jason Pinter and Agora editor Chantelle Aimée Osman are dedicated to more than just broadening opportunities for writers to share their own stories in their own voices. Agoras early lineup is proving that they are giving the crime fiction world some of its best content. Fall 2019 September First out of the gate for Agora will be John Verchers  Three-Fifths. Ive read this one personally, and…damn, yall. David Joy (author of The Line That Held Us) called it Feverishly entertaining. Resoundingly important. A book treading this kind of ground should not be able to move this fast. THREE-FIFTHS is an honest, fearless page-burner. And Im not sure I can word it any better than that. Three-Fifths centers a biracial man passing as white, who is confronting the lies of his past. His world gets turned upside down when a friend gets released from prison. And involves him in a hate crime. If a book can be both difficult to read and impossible to put down, its this book. You should read books that challenge you. This is such a book. It hits your shelves on September 10. October On the heels of Verchers debut, Agora will give us Remember  from Patricia Smith. Smith is wildly fascinating as both an author and an advocate. She runs  www.tell-patricia.tumblr.com where people can submit their troubles and secrets without judgement. Having survived depression and addiction, Smith has chosen to give herself over to writing in order to use words to save lives. And we should all be grateful. Remember is a psychological thriller about Portia Willows, who must confront suppressed memories of a horrific crime. Smith brings forward a courageous voice that crime fiction desperately needs. Look for  Remember on October 8th. November And then on November 5th, Agora will give us Tori Eldridges The Ninja Daughter. Described as  an action-packed thriller about a Chinese-Norwegian modern day ninja with Joy Luck Club family issues who fights the Los Angeles Ukrainian mob, sex traffickers, and her own family to save two desperate women and an innocent child. Yeah. Buckle up, bitches. Rachel Howzell Hall (They All Fall Down) says that Tori Eldridge has created a heroine to love…and to fear! Lilys quest to protect the women of L.A. left me breathless, and Eldridges snappy, down-to-earth prose kept me flipping pages. Youll notice that this flipping of pages is becoming a theme at Agora. 2020 But what has really led to this boiling over of excitement…what has led me to the brink of dropping f-bombs on the Book Riot…is whats to come. Agora is lining up a 2020 Spring and Summer to rival their auspicious beginning. January On January 14, Agora will release Matthew Henson and the Ice Temple of Harlem  from acclaimed crime author Gary Phillips. The book is the first in an exciting new retro rollicking adventure series. Set at the end of the roaring 20s, the pulp novel will follow the first black man to reach the North Pole as he attempts to recover a kidnapped girl. Gary Phillips is best known for his Anthony Award winning work as editor of The Obama Inheritance and mystery and graphic novels like The Bebop Barbarians, Violent Spring, and the novelization of The Killing Joke. Hes also the former president of the Private Eye Writers of America, so…you know…respect. February And for a final  scheduled release, Agora landed Silvia Moreno-Garcia. Mexican by birth, Canadian by inclination, Moreno-Garcia won a Copper Cylinder Award for her debut novel, Signal to Noise. And her second novel, Certain Dark Things, was one of NPRs best books of 2016. For Agora, she brings  Untamed Shore  on February 11th. The book will be a gritty coming-of-age story set in 1970s Mexico featuring the death of a glamorous tourist and sharks.  Sounds like Moreno-Garcias first thriller will be sort of bad ass. How about a little mother f***ing border noir? Agora is currently collecting stories of La frontera. They have signed up Bram Stoker nominee Gabino Iglesias to edit a collection called BOTH SIDES. Iglesias says about the collection: La frontera is full of stories. Real stories, not those Trump makes up. The border is a powerful place where countries collide. It’s a weird space of dreams, struggles, promises, lies, fear, and redemption. It’s a multicultural and bilingual space where people know that hustling to protect your loved ones or offer them a better life is a drive strong enough to blur ethical codes. Sadly, the border is also a place where drugs make people a lot of money, corruption stains everything, and violence fills the landscape with danger and ghosts. Now I want some of the most talented authors to visit this space from their perspective. I want them to show the world what they see on both sides. It’s time to give border noir the attention it deserves. Just scan over those names and tell me you arent doing the grabby hands right now. Burying the Lede And now, in an exclusive to Book Riot, we get to announce two new Agora books for their Spring/Summer 2020 line. Books from two authors who, as editor Chantelle  Aimée Osman puts it, add  an even more diverse perspective to crime fiction. Shadows Deep Sung J. Woo’s short stories and essays have appeared in  The New York Times, PEN/Guernica,  and  Vox.  He has written two novels,  Love Love  (2015) and  Everything Asian  (2009), which  won the 2010 Asian Pacific American Librarians Association  Literature Award (Youth category). In Shadows Deep,  Woo tells the story of Korean adoptee Siobhan O’Brien, who has spent much of her life explaining her name and her family to strangers, but her more pressing problem is whether to carry on the PI agency that her dead boss unexpectedly left to her.  As Siobhan delves deeper into locating a missing girl, she encounters vegan cooking that just might kill her, possibly deadly yoga poses, and politely dangerous billionaires. This first in a new series introduces an endearing PI heroine in the tradition of female detectives like Sue Grafton’s Kinsey Millhone, but similar in voice with gentle wit as Carl Hiaasen readers aren’t going to want to put down Undocumented Johnny Shaw  was born and raised on the Calexico/Mexicali border in the stifling heat of the California desert. He is the author of six novels including the Jimmy Veeder Fiasco border novels:  Dove Season,  Plaster  City, and  Imperial Valley.  Johnny has been nominated for the Anthony Award three times, winning for Best Paperback Original in 2013 for the comedic adventure novel  Big Maria. Undocumented  follows three unauthorized Mexican immigrants living in Los Angeles whose lives intersect through terrifying circumstance  that  clarify and contrast the horrors of existence. Undocumented is a crime story, but more than that, it’s a story of America and the dangers that migrants face when being forced to live in the shadows. Strong and evocative, it’s a page turner that will change how you look at the world, and the  people in it. So, as you can see Im pretty fing excited over here. Agora is definitely one to move to the top of your pub watch list. Between their fall lineup and their recent signings, Agora is proving they are much more than just that diverse crime fiction imprint. They are at the top of all the crime fiction publishers…indies, big labels, diverse, not diverse enough…all of them. And theyre planting a big flag in your TBR pile. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

For Against by L.G. Alexander - 31987 Words

By the same author SIXTY STEPS TO PRECIS POETRY AND PROSE APPRECIATION ESSAY AND LEITER ·WRITING A FIRST BOOK IN COMPREHENSION PRECIS AND COMPOSITION ras CARTERS OF GREENWOOD (Cineloops) DETECTIVES FROM SCOTLAND YARD (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) CAR THIEVES [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) WORTH A FORTUNE [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) APRIL FOOLS DAY [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) PROFESSOR BOFFIN S UMBRELLA (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) OPERATION MASfERMIND (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 3) QUESTION AND ANSWER: Graded Aural/Oral Exercises READING AND WRITING ENGLISH-A First Year Programme for Children LOOK, LISTEN AND LEARNl Sets 1-4 An Integrated Course for Children New Concept English Uniform†¦show more content†¦The root of the trouble is that the teacher cannot predict the course ofeach lesson. He sets a topic and then attempts to stimulate a class discussion by asking questions, suggesting ideas and so on. How the students will respond depends very much on their maturity, general knowledge, range of interests and command of English. It depends, too, on personal factors like shyness or sociability, etc., and even on such things as the time of day and the mood of the class. With some classes, teachers may find that they fail to get any response at all and are finally driven to abandon conversation lessons altogether. With others, the conversation may always be dominated by one or two students, while the teacher spends most of his time coaxing reluctant members of the class to join in. Whatever the case, the conversation lesson tends to be a random, unprogrammed affair over which the teacher has little control. More often than not, time is needlessly frittered away and nothing effective is added to the student s knowledge and skill. BASIC AIMS This book seeks to meet most of the problems posed by the advanced conversation lesson by providing a flexible programme which the teacher can manipulate according to the needs of his class. The book contains material which can be used for routine drill work with an unresponsive class, or conversely, the teacher may use it as a source book for ideas andShow MoreRelatedAlexander the Great: His Influence on Future military Leadership and Tactics2411 Words   |  10 Pagesearth and left marks of their prowess and legacy that men of the present and even the future find it hard to emulate; a good example of such men is Alexander the Great. This paper seeks to explain further Alexander’s military genius and its positive impact on military impact over the past centuries. The paper also gives a well thought analysis why Alexander was so much successful in his wars and conquests. His big empire spread all the way from Gibraltar to the Punjab and in his leadership made GreekRead Morec ollective bargaining4861 Words   |  20 PagesLabour Court and the High Court. The Labour Officer serves on a conciliator / mediatory role while the labour Court gives a 8 determination / award to a dispute. However, any dissatisfied party to the dispute can appeal to the High Court against the Labour Court’s award or determination. Centralized or Decentralized Negotiations Negotiation between employers and unions can be single employer or multi-employer. In most cases, employers’ organizations are involved in multi-employer bargainingRead MoreApplication of Ethical Theories12285 Words   |  50 Pagesof fairness and justice in decisions that involve deception against customers. I claim that individuals use these two theories to reason their decision not to deceive depending on the specific content of the issue. For example, if a situation specifically violates a contract or other people rights, than individuals will use arguments from the theory of right to explain their decision not to deceive. Similarly, if the deception is against a weak party or has a potential to create a salient unjust distributionRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesmarketing planning Organizational buying behaviour The growth of relationship marketing Summary Appendix: The drivers of consumer change 6 Approaches to competitor analysis 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 Learning objectives Introduction Against whom are we competing? Identifying and evaluating competitors’ strengths and weaknesses Evaluating competitive relationships and analysing how organizations compete Identifying competitors’ objectives Identifying competitors’ likely response profilesRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 Pagespyramids and allowed to partially dry for 2-3 days before the first threshing. The plants are still fairly moist and supple at the time of the first threshing. Only the most mature seeds fall from the inflorescences as the whole plants are flailed against the ground. The first threshing produces the highest yield of the most mature and highest quality seed. The second threshing of the whole plants is done after the plants have had a few more days to dry and the less mature seeds can be freed mo re easilyRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesRedefining managerialism Leadership and managerialism Diffusion between institutions: the case of the UK public sector New public management Diffusion within organizations: the infiltration of the rank and file Organizational democracy and a case against managerialism The economic efficiency case for organizational democracy: a challenge to managerialism? Destabilized capitalism Employee alienation as the key problem Conclusions 387 392 395 399 401 404 405 408 412 413 414 416 421 Chapter 10

ABBOTT Surname Meaning and Origin

The Abbott surname means abbot or priest, from the Old English abbod or Old French abet, which in turn derive from the Late Latin or Greek abbas, from the Aramaic abba, meaning father. Abbott generally originated as an occupational name for the chief ruler or priest of an abbey, or for someone employed in the household or on the grounds of an abbot (since celibate clergy usually didnt have descendants to carry on the family name). According to a Dictionary of American Family Names it may also have been a nickname bestowed on a sanctimonious person thought to resemble an abbot. The Abbott surname is also common in Scotland, where it may be of English origin, or possibly a translation of MacNab, from the Gaelic Mac an Abbadh, meaning son of the abbott. Surname Origin: English, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings:  ABBOT, ABBE, ABBIE, ABBOTTS, ABBETT, ABBET, ABIT, ABBIT, ABOTT Where in the World is the ABBOTT Surname Found? The Abbott surname is now most commonly found in Canada, especially in the province of Ontario,  according to WorldNames PublicProfiler. Within the United Kingdom, the name is most common in East Anglia. The name is also fairly common in the U.S. state of Maine.  Forebears surname distribution data places the Abbott surname with the greatest frequency in the former British Caribbean colonies, such as Antigua and Burbuda, where it is the 51st most common last name. It is next most commonly found in England, followed by Australia, Wales, New Zealand and Canada. Famous People with the Last Name ABBOTT Berenice Abbott - American photographer and sculptorGrace Abbott - American social worker best known for her work improving rights of immigrants and advancing child welfareEdith Abbott - American social work pioneer; sister of Grace AbbottSir John Abbott - former prime minister of CanadaJeremy Abbott - U.S. national figure skating championGeorge Abbott - American director, producer and playwrightBud Abbott -  comedian best known for playing the straight man of Abbott and Costello   Genealogy Resources for the Surname ABBOTT Abbott DNA ProjectIndividuals with the Abbott surname or any of its variations are invited to join this Y-DNA surname project of Abbott researchers working to combine traditional family history research with DNA testing to determine common ancestors. The Abbott Family GenealogyThis site compiled and written by Ernest James Abbott collects information on primarily Americans with the Abbott surname, and includes sections on authors, occupations, famous descendants, courses, and Abbotts in the military and ministry. Abbott Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Abbott surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Abbott query. FamilySearch - ABBOTT GenealogyExplore over 1.7 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Abbott surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ABBOTT Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing list for researchers of the Abbott surname around the world. DistantCousin.com - ABBOTT Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Abbott. The Abbott Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the common Abbott last name from the website of Genealogy Today. -- Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings -- Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. ----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Forrest Gump Chapter Ten Free Essays

string(62) " rather than go in the Army, an the little band had broke up\." Chapter Ten I did not have no address for Jenny cept a post office box, but I did have her letter with the name of the little place where she said she was playin with her band, The Cracked Eggs. It was called the Hodaddy Club. I tried to walk there from the train station, but I kep gettin lost, so I finally took a taxicab. We will write a custom essay sample on Forrest Gump Chapter Ten or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was in the afternoon an there was nobody in there but a couple of drunk guys an bout a half inch of beer on the floor from the night before. But they was a feller behin the bar say Jenny an them will be there bout nine o’clock. I axed if I can wait, an the guy say, â€Å"Sure,† so I set down for five or six hours an took a load off my feet. Directly, the place begun to fill up. They was mostly college-lookin kids but was dressed like geeks at a sideshow. Everbody wearin dirty blue jeans an tee shirts an all the guys had beards an wore glasses an all the girls have hair that look like a bird gonna fly out of it any secont. Presently the band come out on stage an start settin up. They is three or four fellers an they has got all this huge electric stuff, pluggin it in everwhere. It certainly is a far cry from what we done in the Student Union building back at the University. Also, I do not see Jenny Curran noplace. After they get the electric stuff set up, they start to play, an let me say this: them people was loud! All sorts of colored lights begin to flash an the music they is makin sound sort of like a jet airplane when it takin off. But the crowd lovin it an when they is done, everbody begin to cheer an yell. Then a light fall on a side of the stage an there she is – Jenny hersef! She is changed from the way I known her. First, she is got hair down to her ass, an is wearin sunglasses inside, at night! She is dressed in blue jeans an a shirt with so many spangles on it she look like a telephone switchboard. The band start up again an Jenny begun to sing. She has grapped hole of the microphone an is dancin all aroun the stage, jumpin up an down an wavin her arms an tossin her hair aroun. I am tryin to understan the words to the song, but the band is playin too loud for that, beatin on the drums, bangin on the piano, swattin them electric guitars till it seem like the roof gonna cave in. I am thinkin, what the hell is this? After a wile they take a break an so I got up an tried to get through a door that go backstage. But they is a feller standing there who say I cannot come in. When I go walkin back to my seat, I notice everbody is starin at my Army uniform. â€Å"That is some costume you has got on there,† somebody says, an somebody else say, â€Å"Far out!† an another one say, â€Å"Is he for real?† I am beginnin to feel like a idiot again, an so I gone on outside, thinkin maybe I can walk aroun an figger things out. I guess I must of walked for haf an hour or so, an when I get back to the place they is a long line of people waitin to get in. I go up to the front an try to splain to the guy that all my stuff is in there, but he say to go wait at the end of the line. I guess I stood there a hour or so, an listened to the music comin from inside, an I have to tell you, it sounded a little better when you got away from it like that. Anyway, after a wile, I got bored an went down a alley an roun to the back of the club. They was some little steps an I sat down there an watched the rats chasin each other in the garbage. I had my harmonica in my pocket, so’s to pass the time, I got it out an started to play a little. I could still hear the music from Jenny’s band, an after a wile I foun mysef bein able to play along with them, sort of usin the chromatic stop to get half out of key so it would fit in with what they was playin. I don’t know how long it was, but it didn’t take much afore I was able to make runs of my own, way up in C major, an to my suprise, it didn’t soun half bad when you was playin it – so long as you didn’t have to listen to it too. All of a sudden the door behin me bust open an there is Jenny standin there. I guess they had taken their break again, but I wadn’t payin no attention an had kep on playin. â€Å"Who is that out there?† she say. â€Å"It’s me,† I say, but it is dark in the alley an she stick her head out the door an say, â€Å"Who is playin that harmonica?† I stand up an I am kind of embarrassed on account of my clothes, but I say, â€Å"It’s me. Forrest.† â€Å"It is who? † she say. â€Å"Forrest.† â€Å"Forrest? Forrest Gump! † an suddenly she rush out the door an thowed hersef into my arms. Jenny an me, we set aroun backstage an caught up on things till she had to play her nex set. She had not exactly quit school, she had got thowed out when they foun her in a feller’s room one night. That was a thowin-out offense in them days. The banjo player had run off to Canada rather than go in the Army, an the little band had broke up. You read "Forrest Gump Chapter Ten" in category "Essay examples" Jenny had gone out to California for a wile, an weared flowers in her hair, but she say them people is a bunch of freaks who is stoned all the time, an so she met this guy an come with him to Boston, an they had done some peace marches an all, but he turned out to be a fairy, so she split up with him, an took up with a real serious peace marcher who was in to makin bombs an stuff, an blowin up buildins. That didn’t work out neither, so she met up with this guy what teached at Harvard University, but it turned out he was married. Next, she went with a guy that had seemed real nice but one day he got both their asses arrested for shoplifting, an she decided it was time to pull hersef together. She fell in with The Cracked Eggs, an they started playin a new kind of music, an got real popular aroun Boston, an they was even gonna go to New York an make a tape for an album nex week. She say she is seein this guy that goes to Harvard University, an is a student in philosophy, but that after the show tonight, I can come home an stay with them. I am very disappointed that she has got hersef a boyfrien, but I don’t have noplace else to go, so that’s what I done. Rudolph is the boyfrien’s name. He is a little guy bout a hundrit pounds or so, an has hair like a dustmop an wears a lot of beads aroun his neck an is settin on the floor when we get to their apartment, meditatin like a guru. â€Å"Rudolph,† Jenny say, â€Å"this is Forrest. He is a friend of mine from home, an he is gonna be stayin with us a wile.† Rudolph don’t say nothin, but he wave his hand like the Pope when he is blessin somethin. Jenny ain’t got but one bed, but she made up a little pallet for me on the floor an that is where I slept. It wadn’t no worse than a lot of places I slept in the Army, an a damn sight better than some. Next mornin I get up an there is Rudolph still settin in the middle of the room meditatin. Jenny fixed me some breakfast an we lef ole Rudolph settin there an she took me on a tour of Cambridge. First thing she says is that I have got to get mysef some new clothes, on account of people up here does not understan an will think I am tryin to put them on. So we go to a surplus store an I get me some overalls an a lumber jacket an change into them right there an take my uniform in a paper bag. We is walkin aroun Harvard University, an who does Jenny run into but the married professor she used to date. She is still friends with him, even tho in private she like to refer to him as a â€Å"degenerate turd.† Doctor Quackenbush is his name. Anyway, he is all excited on account of he is beginnin to teach a new course next week that he thunk up all by hissef. It is called the â€Å"Role of the Idiot in World Literature.† I pipe up an say I think it sounds pretty interestin, an he say, â€Å"Well, Forrest, why don’t you sit in on the class? You might enjoy it.† Jenny look at both of us kind of funny-like, but she don’t say nothin. We gone on back to the apartment an Rudolph is still squattin on the floor by hissef. We was in the kitchen an I axed her real quiet if Rudolph could talk, an she say, yes, sooner or later. That afternoon Jenny took me to meet the other guys in the band an she tell them I play the harmonica like heaven itsef, an why don’t they let me set in with them at the club tonight. One of the guys axe me what I like to play best, an I say, â€Å"Dixie,† an he say he don’t believe he has heard what I say, an Jenny jump in an say, â€Å"It don’t matter, he will be fine once he’s got a ear for our stuff.† So that night I be playin with the band an everbody agree I am makin a good contribution an it is very enjoyable, gettin to set there an watch Jenny sing an thow hersef all over the stage. That nex Monday I have decided to go ahead an set in on Doctor Quackenbush’s class, â€Å"Role of the Idiot in World Literature.† The title alone is enough to make me feel sort of important. â€Å"Today,† Doctor Quackenbush says to the class, â€Å"we has a visitor who is gonna be auditing this course from time to time. Please welcome Mister Forrest Gump.† Everbody turn an look at me an I give a little wave, an then the class begin. â€Å"The idiot,† Doctor Quackenbush say, â€Å"has played an important role in history an literature for many years. I suppose you has all heard of the village idiot, who was usually some retarded individual livin in a village someplace. He was often the object of scorn an mockery. Later, it become the custom of nobility to have in their presence a court jester, a sort of person that would do things to amuse the royalty. In many instances, this individual was actually an idiot or a moron, in others, he was merely a clown or jokester†¦.† He go on like this for a wile, an it begun to become apparent to me that idiots was not jus useless people, but was put here for a purpose, sort of like Dan had said, an the purpose is to make people laugh. At least that is somethin. â€Å"The object of having a fool for most writers,† Doctor Quackenbush say, â€Å"is to employ the device of double entendre, permittin them to let the fool make a fool of hissef, an at the same time allow the reader the revelation of the greater meaning of the foolishness. Occasionally, a great writer like Shakespeare would let the fool make an ass out of one of his principal characters, thereby providing a twist for the readers’ enlightenment.† At this point, I am becomin somewhat confused. But that is normal. Anyhow, Mister Quackenbush say that to demonstrate what he has been talkin about, we is gonna do a scene from the play, King Lear, where there is a fool an a madman in disguise an the king hissef is crazy. He tells this guy named Elmer Harrington III to play the part of Mad Tom o’Bedlam, an for this girl called Lucille to play The Fool. Another guy called Horace somebody was to be crazy ole King Lear. An then he say, â€Å"Forrest, why doesn’t you play the role of the Earl of Gloucester?† Mister Quackenbush say he will get a few stage props from the drama department, but he want us to get up our own costumes, just so the thing would be more â€Å"realistic.† How I got into this deal, I do not know, is what I am thinkin. Meantime, things is happenin with our band, The Cracked Eggs. A feller from New Yawk have flown up an listened to us an says he wants to get us in a recordin studio an make a tape of our music. All the fellers is excited, includin Jenny Curran, an me, of course. The feller from New Yawk, Mister Feeblestein is his name. He say if everthing go well, we could be the hottest thing since the invention of night baseball. Mister Feeblestein say all we got to do is sign a piece of paper an then start gettin rich. George, the guy who plays keyboard for us, has been teachin me a little bit of how to play it, an Mose, the drummer, is also lettin me beat on his drums some. It is kind of fun, learnin how to play all them things, an my harmonica too. Ever day I practice some, an ever night the band play at the Hodaddy Club. Then one afternoon I come home from class an there is Jenny settin by hersef on the couch. I axed her where is Rudolph, an she say he has â€Å"split.† I axed what for, an she say, â€Å"Cause he is a nogood bastid like all the rest,† an so I says, â€Å"Why don’t we go out an get ourselfs some supper an talk bout it?† Naturally, she does most of the talkin, an it is really jus a string of gripes bout men. She say we are â€Å"lazy, unresponsible, selfish, low-down lyin shits.† She is goin on that way for a wile an then she start to cry. I says, â€Å"Awe, Jenny, don’t do that. It ain’t nothin. That ole Rudolph didn’t look like the kinda feller for you no how, squattin on the floor like that an all.† An she say, â€Å"Yes, Forrest, probly you is right. I’d like to go home now.† An so we do. When we get home, Jenny begun takin off her clothes. She is down to her underpants, an I am jus settin on the couch tryin not to notice, but she come up an stand in front of me an she say, â€Å"Forrest, I want you to fuck me now.† You coulda knocked me over with a feather! I jus set there an gawked up at her. Then she set down nex to me an started foolin with my britches, an nex thing I knowed, she’d got off my shirt an was huggin an kissin me an all. At first, it was jus a little odd, her doin all that. Course I had dreamed bout it all along, but I had not expected it quite this way. But then, well I guess somethin come over me, an it didn’t matter what I’d expected, cause we was rollin aroun on the couch an had our clothes nearly off an then Jenny pulled down my undershorts an her eyes get big an she say, â€Å"Whooo – lookit what you got there!† an she grapped me jus like Miz French had that day, but Jenny never say nothin about me keepin my eyes closed, so I didn’t. Well, we done all sorts of things that afternoon that I never even dreamt of in my wildest imagination. Jenny shown me shit I never could of figgered out on my own – sidewise, crosswise, upside down, bottom-wise, lengthwise, dogwise, standin up, settin down, bendin over, leanin back, inside-out an outside-in – only way we didn’t try it was apart! We rolled all over the livin room an into the kitchen – stove in furniture, knocked shit over, pulled down drapes, mussed up the rug an even turned the tv set on by accident. Wound up doin it in the sink, but don’t axe me how. When we is finally finished, Jenny jus lie there a wile, an then she look at me an say, â€Å"Goddamn, Forrest, where is you been all my life?† â€Å"I been aroun,† I says. Naturally, things are a bit different between Jenny an me after that. We commenced to sleep in the same bed together, which was also kind of strange for me at first, but I sure got used to it. When we was doin our act at the Hodaddy Club, ever so often Jenny would pass by me an muss up my hair, or run her fingers down the back of my neck. All of a sudden things start to change for me – like my whole life jus begun, an I am the happiest feller in the world. How to cite Forrest Gump Chapter Ten, Essay examples

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question: Describe about the Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)? Answer: Clinical audit is the evaluation process of practices that helps in ensuring that patients are receiving accurate treatment and proper services. This is done by measuring the services and the care provided against each research based standards thus identifying scope of improvement in the existing practice in order to deliver best services (Borbasi, 2010). Research is a systematic process of investigation in order to either increase the current knowledge or to discover new facts. Research is divided into two categories namely basic research and applied research. The aim of the basic research is to increase the scientific knowledge whereas the aim of the applied research is to utilize the basic research for problem solving and to develop new processes and techniques (https://www.rph.wa.gov.au/~/media/Files/Hospitals/RPH/PDFs/The_Difference_between_Clinical_Audit_and_Research%20NHS.ashx. 1.1c Clinical audit characteristics: Research characteristics: It aims at evaluating the parameters of practice to be considered as best It aims at establishing the best possible practice It is very specific to a particular patient group The design and results can be replicated Initiated by service provider group Initiated by the researchers It is practice driven It is theory driven 1.1d Project 1: Project 1 is an example of clinical audit. Here the disease and problem related to its diagnosis has already been defined. The healthcare staffs design a project plan between the primary and secondary care for the patient based upon the experiences of the patient. In research patient is a subject upon whom study is carried out and there is no involvement of the subjects in any the decision making procedure. Secondly the project 1 shows that the project designed aimed at assessing different aspects of the standards maintained from diagnosis to treatment and finally the entire management. This is a part of clinical audit where the actions and research are analyzed to find if they are appropriate or not and what is the scope to make improvements in delivering the services. Clinical audit is carried out for a specific group of patients likewise here a particular sample of patients is identified and assessed. Findings from the analysis of the questionnaires, local guidelines, the status o f secondary care, improvements to be made in the treatment and support system are some of the outcomes of the clinical audit carried out. Project 2: The project 2 is also a clinical audit. The various steps of clinical audit are planning, measurement of the performance, implementation of the changes and sustaining the improvements. In the present project, the issue considered is administration of drug, which is a crucial aspect of nursing care. This is because error in drug administration will lead to fatal consequences. There is a chain of events in administration of drug that involves different healthcare staff members. To carry out clinical audit first a specific methodology was designed which was reviewed by a designated committee. The project aimed at ensuring the accurate drug administration in a safe way, improving the clinical practice and to provide evidences to support further planning and managerial changes. Close analysis of all the planning leads to few outcomes such as a proper analysis of pre and post registration and to design a policy in order to manage and support the nurses involved in any kind of drug incident s. 1.2 The clinical governance is mechanism used to ensure high standards of clinical care are being maintained across all the NHS (McSherry, 2011). Clinical audit is one of the six elements of clinical governance the other five are education, management of risk, clinical effectiveness, research and openness. Initially clinical audit was not considered as a part of clinical governance used for measuring the quality of the clinical care given rather it was a separate process for clinically managing the activities. However it was realized that the clinical audit has several primary functions for the clinicians as it helps in shaping and managing the programs to achieve the strategic objectives of an organization. The board of clinical governance is responsible to take care of the extent of effectiveness of the functions and to carry out scrutiny of the arrangements for risk management. Clinical audit is the top priority of the board as it gives scope to increase the assurance and functions by proposing different programs to increase the trust factor between the healthcare staffs and the patients. Hence it can be said that the clinical audit is an integral part of the clinical governance in order to design a quality framework (McPherson, 2011). 2.1 The clinical audit obligations for a healthcare organization are as follows: To fill the gap between the actual care and evidence based practices in order to address the shortcomings in the safety of the patients. Healthcare staffs required to participate in the systems for quality assurance and improvement and so has to increase the opportunities of the patients to heal faster. Disciplined and ethical conduct of the healthcare staffs is required. This is because often it happens that patients do not get safe and effective care or benefit of one patient is in the expense of another patient. Hence a focused and discipline staffs will increase the effectiveness of the services provided without wasting much of the healthcare resources. Healthcare organizations also do have ethical obligations regarding medical practice and should ensure that medical staffs are bound by their professional ethics and oaths. All the healthcare staffs at their own level should constructively respond to the audit outcomes and performance reviews so as to undertake any kind of training further as and when necessary (Nouraei, 2009). 2.2 The potential advantages of clinical auditing are as follows: It offer ways to assess and improve the patient care services It helps the healthcare staffs to identify the risk factors within the services provided Regular audit helps in creating a culture of improvement in the quality in the clinical setup. For the participants it is informative process. It helps the healthcare staffs to keep themselves updated with evidence based practices. It helps in achieving job satisfaction Altogether it can improve the effectiveness and quality of the healthcare (Gupta, 2009). The involvement of healthcare staffs in carrying out clinical auditing is important as it enhances their analytical skills, helps them to gain knowledge through collaborations with colleagues. Healthcare staffs tend to learn many clinical to technical aspects of their job and to work in a dynamic group. Theoretically gaining knowledge often doesnt help healthcare staffs to take crucial decisions hence evidence based practical gain of knowledge helps in identifying real issue and to take important crucial decisions (Som, 2009). Clinical audit improves the patient care by routinely checking whether patients are getting right treatment and in a right way or not. When and as required the clinical staffs are able to take measures to improve the care and services provided to the patient. Understanding and defining the standards of patient care is very important outcome of clinical auditing. This is done when clinical staffs goes thoroughly into the records of the patient and directly collects information from them. Precise data analysis helps in gathering accurate information regarding health status of the patient which in turn helps in deciding whether the quality of care provided to the patient is acceptable or not. Depending upon the results of the quality of care being provided, further actions are taken. For example if quality of care is not found good enough then possible reasons are searched and actions are taken to improve the quality (Luxford, 2011). 3.1 Criteria and standards are the two terminologies in clinical audit that are often misunderstood. Criteria can be defined as the item for care or an aspect to perform practice for. A criterion is written as individual statement and represents the best practice that should take place in day to day operations. Whereas standards are refer in percentages. Example of criterion with respect to pharmacists is that the drugs supplied to patients should not be outdated and that of standard is that the drug should be 100% in date. 3.2 Person having diabetes should get his eye and feet checked in every 6 months and not annually. This is because a person suffering from diabetes is vulnerable to several foot problems. High diabetes tends to damage nerves and reduces the blood flow to the feet. Similarly eye check up is required in every six months as the small blood vessels in retina gets affected due to high diabetes. Damage of retinal vessels is known as retinopathy. It damages the vision and when left untreated can causes permanently blindness (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2011). The front sheet of the patients record should consist of name of the patient, NHS number, age. However apart from this it should also consist of last diagnosis, the disease and the code of operation and the signature of the doctor attending. This is important because the next attending doctor will instantly get an idea of the present situation of patient and accordingly can plan for next diagnosis or treatment (Baorto, 2009). Flu is a common disease yet it can cause fatal consequences if not treated at right time. Mostly flu is accompanied by mild illness that which requires light medication and they can recover in less than a week time. However there are certain conditions under which the complications of flu may increase and patient will be required to hospitalize. People generally aging above 65 years need special care for flu. Administration of antiviral drugs and proper care is required as the complication of flu increases with age. The immune system of older people becomes weak compared to young and healthy adults. The seasonal diseases easily affect the weak immune system of the older people and since the immune defense system is weak, older people are not being able to revive easily from the flu symptoms often leading to death (Mereckiene, 2010). 3.3 PATIENT POPULATION AUDIT DATA COLLECTION SAMPLE 50 44 300 169 1000 278 10000 370 .3.4a The below documentation audit is developed to analyze the type of diagnosis and care is provided to patients admitted in ICU. This is important because patient in ICU requires high quality and safe nursing care. Hence nursing documentation audit is integral part of delivering good care to the patients. Name of the patient: Age: Personal details of the patient Name of the Unit referred to Ongoing medications: The nursing care plan The nursing diagnosis Nursing outcomes Nursing interventions Progress report Discharge note No Criterion Standard Source 1 Should be clear and accurate 100% Trust policy 2 In English 100% Trust policy 3 Time of entry 100% Trust policy 4 Date of entry 100% Trust policy 5 Written in dark ink and should be reproducible 100% Trust policy 6 Written in objective way 100% Trust policy 7 Relevant with the patient 100% Nursing documentation in nursing records 8 Include only personal information of the patient 100% The personal details of the patient in the patients record. 9 Accurate statements of clinical interaction 100% Evaluation notes in the nursing record. 10 Distinguish between what was observed and performed. 100% Nursing care plan in the nursing record 3.4b Data Collection Form: Name of the patient Age: Sex: Past medical history of the patient Result of any physical examination conducted before Any kind of alcohol or drug abuse Allergies Findings of physical examination Current illness Types of diagnosis carried out Recommendation made References: Baorto, D., Li, L., Cimino, J. J. (2009). Practical experience with the maintenance and auditing of a large medical ontology. Journal of biomedical informatics, 42(3), 494-503.Borbasi, S., Jackson, D., Lockwood, C. (2010). Undertaking a clinical audit.Using evidence to guide nursing practice, 2, 113-132.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 201.Gupta, V. (2009). Benefits versus risks: a prospective audit. World journal of surgery, 33(7), 1432-1438.Luxford, K., Safran, D. G., Delbanco, T. (2011). Promoting patient-centered care: a qualitative study of facilitators and barriers in healthcare organizations with a reputation for improving the patient experience. International Journal for Q uality in Health Care, 23(5), 510-515.McPherson, R. A., Pincus, M. R. (2011). Henry's clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. Elsevier Health Sciences.McSherry, R., Pearce, P. (2011). Clinical governance: a guide to implementation for healthcare professionals. John Wiley Sons.Mereckiene, J., Cotter, S., D'Ancona, F., Giambi, C., Nicoll, A., Levy-Bruhl, D., ... O'Flanagan, D. (2010). Differences in national influenza vaccination policies across the European Union, Norway and Iceland 2008-2009. Euro surveillance: bulletin europen sur les maladies transmissibles= European communicable disease bulletin.Nouraei, S. A. R., OHanlon, S., Butler, C. R., Hadovsky, A., Donald, E., Benjamin, E., Sandhu, G. S. (2009). A multidisciplinary audit of clinical coding accuracy in otolaryngology: financial, managerial and clinical governance considerations under paymentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ byà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ results. Clinical Otolaryngology,34(1), 43-51.Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Leech, N. L. ( 2004). Enhancing the interpretation of significant findings: The role of mixed methods research. The Qualitative Report, 9(4), 770-792.The Difference Between Audit Research, https://www.rph.wa.gov.au/~/media/Files/Hospitals/RPH/PDFs/The_Difference_between_Clinical_Audit_and_Research%20NHS.ashx, retrieved on 05.04.2015Saleem, J. J., Russ, A. L., Justice, C. F., Hagg, H., Ebright, P. R., Woodbridge, P. A., Doebbeling, B. N. (2009). Exploring the persistence of paper with the electronic health record. International journal of medical informatics, 78(9), 618-628.Som, C. V. (2009). Quantity versus quality dilemma of health staff in NHS UK: Does clinical governance provide a solution?. Clinical Governance: An International Journal, 14(4), 301-314.Vadiveloo, T., Donnan, P. T., Cochrane, L., Leese, G. P. (2011). The Thyroid Epidemiology, Audit, and Research Study (TEARS): morbidity in patients with endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 96(5), 1344-1351.

My Personal Reading History Essay Example

My Personal Reading History Essay When I was a younger I don’t remember if I was read to or not, but I read a lot of books. I enjoy reading books because they allow me to reach new heights in my imagination. At my age many kids say that reading is boring and is for losers. I think it’s cool to read and will continue to read throughout my life. I have read many different types of books from fiction to biographies. The longest book I ever read was a book called Dragon Rider by Cornella Funke. It was five hundred and thirty five pages! When it comes to reading I am a superstar! When I’m reading I am able to get a moral lesson from what I read, so it ends up helping me in the long run of my life I have had numerous amounts of positive reading experiences, but I haven’t really had a lot of bad reading experiences. One of those times was when I was in seventh grade and my class was reading â€Å"A Midsummer’s Night Dream† by Shakespeare. The vocabulary was very was difficult to understand because it was old English and we had to learn an almost new vocabulary compared to the one I already knew. I usually can understand what an author is trying to get across but I couldn’t really grasp the meaning this particular time. We will write a custom essay sample on My Personal Reading History specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Personal Reading History specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Personal Reading History specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It took me a while to get it, but I understood in the end. Now, I challenge myself when it comes to old English plays because I like to see how well rounded I am in all types of writing and reading. Even though this was a difficult task for me when I was reading, it was also positive because it challenged me to stop and really pay attention so that I was able to see the real moral of the story and understand the text. The ability to understand old English got easier for me over time and now it’s one of the things I excel at when reading. Even though the experience was negative, it gave me positive input and made me a better reader. My upbringing has affected me a lot as a reader. I was alone a lot, so I picked up books to read. As a child I just liked fantasy so I would read a lot of fiction books. Also, I think my mom used to read to me and she encouraged me to read when I could. She also taught me to finish something if I started it, and that carried over to my reading. If I start reading a book I always finish it and do my best to understand it. So, she instilled what I know about reading and she influenced the way I read. She always told me, when I was younger, to pronounce my words right so that when I get older I would pronounce my words right. All that she has said to me and taught me when I was coming up as a younger child helped me get to the level of reading I am on today and also to the level of understanding I have of all the words I read. Without her encouraging me in this way I would have had problems understanding things that I read and wouldn’t be as smart as I have grown to be. I am very thankful of how I was brought up as a kid. When I’m reading, it doesn’t really matter where I read. When I’m reading I go into a different world and get to a place where I feel as if I’m part of the story and can relate to the main character and what he or she is going through. Also, when I’m reading I think the best place for me would be where it’s quiet because I find it easier to concentrate in silence. I also read better when I’m upset because it gives me an outlet to release anger and allows me to get my work done. All throughout my life, I’ve had many good experiences reading. When it comes to reading, for me, good reading just comes naturally.

Ancient Near East Reaction Paper †History Essay

Ancient Near East Reaction Paper – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Ancient Near East Reaction Paper History Essay The Epic of Gilgamesh is a legendary tale of the once ruler of Uruk that takes place about 2700 B.C. Gilgamesh’s story begins when he hears of Enkidu, an animal-like human who essentially challenges Gilgamesh’s manhood. Gilgamesh and Enkidu engage in a battle that results in a draw, and ultimately the two become friends. Gilgamesh goes on to reject the goddess Ishtar’s request for love, and in response to Gilgamesh, Ishtar summons the Bull of Heaven. Gilgamesh and Enkidu defeat the bull, Enkidu insults Ishtar and she casts him to the underworld for eternity. The death of Enkidu reminds Gilgamesh that he is mortal and he commits the rest of his life to obtaining immortality. Gilgamesh searches for Utnapishtim who is said to know the secret of obtaining immortality. Utnapishtim can be paralleled to Noah of the Bible, he is warned of a great flood and builds a ship to live through it. Because Gilgamesh would unfortunately never find the secret of immortality and would eventually die. His death marked the last epic emperor to rule Sumer. During the Old Babylonian period from about 2000-1600 B.C. messages of social justice and morality became more prominent. The sun god, Shamsh, emerged as the preeminent god of justice in Babylonian culture. During the Old Babylonian period Hammurabi came to power. When Hammurabi came to power the Old Babylonian Empire it was a very turbulent period. Hammurabi worked to improve on these ideas of social justice and morality. During the same age of Old Babylon existed another empire, Egypt left behind a great deal of texts inscribed on the walls of the tombs of kings and nobles. They left behind no epics, but their beliefs of what would lead them to worldly success. Egypt lacked moral principle at this point in time, but it didn’t last. Ptah-hotep’s lack of concern with the afterlife was soon overshadowed by a deep concern with the afterlife around 2300 B.C. Egyptian religion was now very concerned with preparation for the afterlife. Religious reform had long been at the forefront of Egyptian policy and it had resulted in a loss of territory. It was the goal of Ramses II to restore the areas of the empire that were lost, but it doing so he ran into the Hittites. After a short struggle the two civilizations came to a compromise. From the times of Gilgamesh to Hammurabi, from Hammurabi to Ramses II there was a great deal of change occurring throughout the Near East, but what remains constant is religion at the centerpiece of all this change. In the case of Hammurabi the new laws promoting morality and social justice worked to help the Old Babylonian Empire. Unfortunetly for Egypt this was not the case. Egpyt let their guard down to focus their attention on religion as well, but it resulted in problems. They began to lose territory and ultimately faced annihilation at the hands of the Hittites. Research Papers on Ancient Near East Reaction Paper - History EssayCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBringing Democracy to AfricaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andLifes What IfsGenetic Engineering

The differences in educational attainment in class, gender and Essay

The differences in educational attainment in class, gender and ethnicity - Essay Example This discussion is in the context of ethnic groups, turns toward the socio-economic factors when one tries to find out reasons behind these differences. The Labour Force Survey( 2004/05) as in defined households poverty on the basis of income and presented the percentage of different ethnic groups. White British are 20% of the total with the lowest in income poverty. Compared to the Whites, 25% of Indian, 30% of Black Caribbean, 45% of Black African, 55% of Pakistani and 65% of Bangladeshi households are in income poverty. Strand and Lindsay (2009) reported an economic disadvantage on the basis of Free School Meal in the UK. They indicate that in 2005, 11% Chinese, 12% Indian, 14% White British pupils, up to 30% for the Black Caribbean, 34% for Pakistani, 44% Black African and 47% for Bangladeshi pupils.Patterns emerge between the achievement gap and socioeconomic disadvantage.The sociologist explains that such gaps are rooted in the economic backgrounds. Historically, as early as 19 60, it had been pointed out that poor children fell behind rich and middle-class during the early age and then stayed behind all school life. The most significant factor or factors had not been found. Sylva et al expressed that, in the early years, parenting practices and learning environment at home are crucial factors in educational attainment and progress.Hart and Risley conducted an intensive research project on language acquisition. The study continued for ten years and covered 42 families with newborn children in Kansas City.... Sylva et al, (2004) expressed that, in the early years, parenting practices and learning environment at home are crucial factors in educational attainment and progress. Hart and Risley(1995) conducted an intensive research project on language acquisition. The study continued for ten years and covered 42 families with newborn children in Kansas City. They families can roughly be divided into two classes naming ‘professional’ and ‘on-welfare’. During the first three years, they visited each family once a month. They recorded all communication between the child and the parents. The researchers then analyzed each child’s language development comparing the each parent’s communication style. They found the following amazing gaps Child Development Professional Families On-welfare Families Vocabulary by 3 years 1100 525 Parents Utterances per hour 487 178 Encouragement Expressions listened by 3 500,000 75,000 Discouragement Expressions listened by 3 80 ,000 200,000 Average IQ of the group 117 79 Table 1 developed on the data from Hart and Risley(1995) These findings from Hart and Risley(1995) expose some interesting and crucial relationships. The comparison of the vocabulary scores of each child correlated closely to the number of words the parents spoke to the child. Further, the child from lower socio economic class heard more discouragement and disapproval words whereas child from professional families heard encouragement and praise words most of the time. Children’s higher IQ , their higher vocabulary and the higher encouragement words by the parents have correlation among the professional families. On the other hand, Children’s lower IQ , their lower vocabulary and the lower encouragement words by their

Consuming and Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Consuming and Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Consuming and Fashion" discusses the fashion and consuming. The ever increasing tastes and preferences alongside the increased product differentiation and the global practice of trade have meant that the role of marketing within any business entity is very integral; certainly the most crucial. Marketing encompasses the processes of analysis of the target population (market segmentation) to identify trends in consumer needs and wants; new product research and development; product distribution and promotion effort; and the feedback mechanism. The changes in consumers’ tastes and preferences mean that there is a trend in which products and services are in demand at a given time and which are not. This has a direct relation to the sales volume and profitability of an organization. Therefore, fashion in this regard, refers to the popularity in demand for a given product or service at a given point in time i.e. trends in consumption behavior. Fashion styles differ between individuals, and can be reflected in a large group at any given point in time as a measure of both social identification, and distinction (Illomen, 2011). However, this definition has devolved into a limited sense to mean exclusively trendy clothing and other body accessories such as jewelry. Perhaps this is attributable to the huge marketing efforts that are visibly expended into this particular segment of the economy. The mechanics of such a transfer of meaning is a subject not addressed by this report.

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design A life cycle model is a term which describes the process of the planning through to the deployment of a new software on a system, covering items such as specification analysis and implementation/testing, to enable the developers to create the software, and to ensure that the end user gets what they want. Waterfall Model The waterfall model is a common method used when designing and implementing new software. It was designed to be a simple yet effective method to enable developers and users design a software together. In the Waterfall model, each phase must be completed before you can move onto the next stage, which primarily makes it for small projects where there are absolute requirements. At the end of each phase, there is a review which helps the developers know that they are on track, whether to continue with the project and what steps to take. Also, the testing element of this model can only take place after the development is complete. See the below diagram which shows each step of the waterfall process: Â   Â   The processes are: Requirement Gathering and Analysis System Design Implementation Testing Deployment Maintenance Image Source (ISTQB, 2016) The first step of this method involves getting to know what the client wants out of the system, and analyze them to see if it is realistic and achievable, to plan out how the software can be created. The second step involves designing the system to meet the needs of the client. The third is implementing the software in a test environment for the fourth step which is testing the software. The fifth step is deploying the system to the client. After all of this has been completed, the software or system must be maintained. Advantages One of the main advantages of the Waterfall model is that it is very easy to understand and follow due to the design of it. It has a very rigid design with each stage having its own deliverables and review process. In this model, there are no overlaps in the stages meaning that everything is very clear and defined making it quite effective when used in the correct way. Because the Waterfall model has a very clear and defined structure it is very good for a project that has clear goals on what needs to be achieved and due to its structure, it is a great tool to use even if you are inexperienced. Disadvantages This model can only be used when the requirements of the project are clear, as each stage requires its own review stage and cannot move any further if goals are not set. There can be no ambiguous requirements in a project using this method. There are high amounts of risk and uncertainty due to a very rigid structure, no goals can be changed or reviewed after the originals have been set. It cannot be used on projects which are ongoing because there is no way to change anything once one stage has been completed. This also means that there is little opportunity for the customer to review the product. (ISTQB, 2016) Structured Evolutionary Prototyping Model The Evolutionary Prototyping Model was designed as a software development model which incorporates the end user at almost every stage during the process. This is used so that consumers can have their say on the product during the developmental stage of the software to know that the developers have created a product which meets their needs. There are four main stages to this model to follow, they are as follows: The identification process, which is used to get the basic requirements this software must achieve. It is designed in this way as many consumers may not know the absolute requirements of the software as it is generally a continuous project. The prototype phase in which the developers will make a prototype or multiple prototypes of the product in order to get the basic requirements met. Verification of the prototype process in which the developers can use surveys and experimentation for the consumer. This stage is used so people can add their thoughts about the product and find out if there is anything that could be added or changed to make it better. The final stage is changing the prototype per the feedback that the consumer gave to the developers to meet the needs of the client. This cycle will then repeat until the customer is completely happy with their product and the development process is complete. Advantages One of the main advantages to this methodology is that the user ends up with a more accurate product due to their consistent input into the design process. Developers can learn from the consumer and vice versa. This also brings another benefit into play, meaning that any unexpected requirements or additions to the software can be added at developmental stage, resulting in a more accurate product too. It is a very flexible method. Another benefit is that you can see a constant progression throughout the development of the software, and customers can begin to see the benefits of using this software and being able to have constant input. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of this method is that the process may go on for a very long time due to the repeatable feedback process. Many developers using this method may fully scrap the process and go for a code-and-fix development process, leading to a poor reputation, with this method being seen as quick and dirty. Because of the constant input from the customer, the focus can be taken away from how maintainable the software is, mainly looking at the needs of the consumer. (Exforys, 2015) Rapid Application Model (RAD) The RAD model is used as an incremental development model, in which the all of the components of the software are developed in parallel and seen as mini-projects. These components will be scheduled, and delivered where it is compiled into a full software. This software can then be handed over to the consumer for feedback relating to the requirements. See the below diagram for a visual explanation of these timeboxed components: Of course, the number of components will vary for each software, however this gives a representation of the processes involved. There will be a specific set of teams which will all be responsible for a specific area of the software. After this process is complete the components will be amalgamated into one complete prototype. Image Source (Find Nerd, 2015) There are four main steps involved in this model, and they are as follows: Requirement Planning which is like the analysis stage within the waterfall model, however this plan incorporates a constant review of each element to ensure that the project will meet the users needs throughout the prototype stage. The design phase takes place after the initial needs have been determined, where the developers teams will generate an initial prototype for review by the user. This prototype will then be refined as the process continues. The construction phase where the developers will take the preferred prototypes of each section of the software and create a full functional program. The final stage takes place after the in-house testing and construction has finished and the client will be using and implementing the software as normal. The developers will be available for a set amount of time for corrective maintenance and to incorporate feedback. Advantages The main advantage is the reduced development time due to the development being split into different teams and section which means the process is extremely efficient. Because the components are managed by their own team, and there is generally more than one version of each section, elements can be transferred, increasing the reusability. This method encourages customer feedback on each section which means that there are clear and defined goals as the project moves along and quick reviews often happen. Disadvantages This system is heavily reliant on a strong and experienced team to identify new and existing requirements, meaning some projects may be delayed. This method only works on modelized systems and heavily relies on modeling skills. (ISTQB, 2015) (BBC, 2016) One of the main advantages of using lifecycle models is that you can firstly get a strong idea on what the consumer wants, and you to create a plan of attack on how you can achieve these. It enables you to plan and possibly create prototypes to create an efficient program for the consumer to. This ensures that the customer will be happy with the product that you have made, due to their consistent input within the development stage. In general, using a lifecycle model when developing a software can reduce the development time of the software. This is because you have a rigid schedule which you can stick to, as well as clear goals and objectives through liaising with the customer which increases the efficiency at developmental stage. Many of these plans are made to be easy to read and to follow, meaning you know exactly what is happening at each stage of the process, further increasing the efficiency. Many plans allow you to review the product with the customer throughout the developmental stage meaning that you can remove areas of the software which do not meet the standard that the customer is after. You are also able to edit certain features to add functionality, or even design new elements that will help the consumer with their end goal. Some plans allow you to really structure the development process of the software which can help you decide who will be undertaking what task, i.e. assessing strengths and putting teams together to reach your final goal. This also improves efficiency, as you could divide up the development into teams to reach the end goal much faster, and still create a great product. Lots of new life cycles allow you to visibly see the progress of the software, meaning the team stays motivated to complete the job due to clear and structures goals which work you through to the deployment and maintenance stages of the development. It also means that the consumer will see a steady stream of progress which will also keep them happy. Feasibility reports are made to examine a proposal, which allows a business or team to determine whether a project will be successful. For example, in an IT environment, you could discuss the lease of laptops using a plan rather than purchasing laptops outright. The below paragraphs discuss the components of a feasibility report and why each of them is included. Scope The first main stage of a feasibility report is the to identify the scope of the project. This means you will need to identify the issue that you will be addressing within the project. The scope must be clearly defined, as it may confuse the people involved in the project, and having unclear goals can be catastrophic to a project or job. The area that will be affected e.g. the IT department whether that be directly or indirectly. The scope essentially enables you to get an accurate study, because you have clear and defines goals. A Market Analysis Undertaking a market analysis during a feasibility report can be critical. It allows you to examine environments like yours to assess the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to implement the project. You will then be able to create a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) which were faced by other users to make your own decisions on how the project will be undertaken. Identifying Requirements As a part of your feasibility report, you should always analyze the requirements. These requirements will be based upon the technical requirements and the requirements of the organization. Identification of technical requirements will enable you to identify which technical resources/personnel you will need to complete said project. Meanwhile you should be considering what organization procedures and requirements that you must follow, whether that be related to recommended vendors for equipment or any security laws or procedures with data protection. This is essential because it allows you to get an idea on how you will approach the project. The Approach After the first three steps, you will then be able to get an idea on how the project will be completed, therefore allowing you to decide on the approach. You must find a happy medium and decide upon a recommended course of action, or a solution that incorporates the organizational requirements. You can discuss various approaches and select a solution that best fits the needs per the scope. It must always be 1) a practical solution and 2) meet the needs of everyone. Evaluation After the approach has been decided, you will then compile a short section which examines the cost effectiveness of that approach, which can help you build an estimate of the total costs. You can cross reference previous approaches for comparison purposes. After you have completed this, you will compile the cost summary, which will provide information on the return on investment and a cost to benefit analysis. The Review The final step of a feasibility study is the review stage. This is where all the elements mentioned above will be analyzed in a formal review with either a team or business partners depending on the size of the project. It is used to firstly confirm that it is an accurate report and then decide on whether you go ahead with the project or not. At this stage, you may be asked to change some details, to engage the project or it may be full rejected. All parties involved in the review should all sign a document to agree to the project. (MWANZONI, 2016) In this section I will be discussing the impact of the criteria of feasibility reports (see above) and assess what impact they have on a systems investigation. Identifying the Scope Impacts The main impact that identifying the scope will have, is ensuring that the team undertaking the project as well as the business know exactly what the issue is that they are trying to resolve. It will allow for a guided discussion on the possible steps that you can take to complete this project, and analyze each one collated into the feasibility study. It will clearly define to everyone the goal they will be working towards on the project to keep everyone on the same page, and keeps everyone working towards a similar goal. It can also help the business and the team understand what areas could benefit from the new system and assess them against the current system for a full review. Undertaking a Market Analysis Impacts Taking the time to understand and review different methods and approaches that other people in your position have taken can be an extremely important step in the process. It will allow you to analyze these methods side by side so you can get an idea on what approach could be best for you. You may also wish to amalgamate different approaches into one sophisticated one, which may help you to efficiently reach your goal. You are then able to have a discussion regarding these steps and decide as a team which would be best for the current situation based on skills and experience as well as requirements. Understanding Requirements Impacts Understanding the requirements of both the team and the organization is arguably one of the most critical steps in the feasibility study. It will essentially allow you to get an idea of what will be possible and what wont. Basing it off the teams requirements will allow you to get an idea of who is capable to undertake which role, to see whether a certain approach will be possible or whether you must go back to the drawing board, or even scrap the idea totally. Understanding the organization requirements can help you to plan around any eventuality such as procedures regarding safety and even laws such as the data protection act. It can also influence you with the decision of the approach method. Selecting Your Approach Impacts Deciding the approach of the project is the major step in moving onto the processes of the actual project. It allows you to weigh up all the different approaches comparing how you will meet the scope, the market needs and the needs of the business and personnel. It will allow you to have a guided discussion on each approach compared to the needs and which one will suit everyone the best whilst discussing all the previous points. It finally completes the research and discussion to prepare you for the assignment. Evaluation Impacts After you have selected the approach that you will be following, you will then have to analyze how much the project will cost. It helps you to ensure that you are still in budget, and are meeting the needs of the business in that respect. It will allow you to contrast different approaches and their effectiveness compared to each of their costs to ensure you choose the most efficient method. It will also enable you to put together a final figure of costings to present to the business. Review Impacts Reviewing all your decisions regarding the project whilst presenting them to the business, will allow you to firstly ensure that all needs of the business have been met to ensure that everyone is happy with the solution to the original email. It will also allow you to get the go ahead from the business as to whether you can go ahead with the project, or whether you will need to make any changes to the original approach to ensure the solution is the most efficient possible. References BBC, 2016. BBC Bitesize. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zp3kd2p/revision/9[Accessed 09 January 2017]. Exforys, 2015. Exforys. [Online] Available at: http://www.exforsys.com/career-center/project-management-life-cycle/the-evolutionary-prototyping-model.html[Accessed 09 January 2017]. Find Nerd, 2015. Find Nerd. [Online] Available at: http://findnerd.s3.amazonaws.com/imagedata/4325/4325.jpg[Accessed 09 January 2017]. ISTQB, 2015. ISTQB. [Online] Available at: http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-rad-model-advantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/[Accessed 09 January 2017]. ISTQB, 2016. ISTQB. [Online] Available at: http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-waterfall-model-advantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/[Accessed 09 January 2017]. ISTQB, 2016. ISTQB. [Online] Available at: http://istqbexamcertification.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Waterfall-model.jpg[Accessed 09 January 2017]. MWANZONI, 2016. LinkedIn. [Online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/key-components-good-feasibility-study-mwanzoni-ltd[Accessed 10 January 2017].

Craig Ventors First Cell

Cr Craig Ventor first first self-replicating, synthetic bacterial cell ROCKVILLE, MD and San Diego, CA (May 20, 2010)— Researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), a not-for-profit genomic research organization, published results today describing the successful construction of the first self-replicating, synthetic bacterial cell. The team synthesized the 1. 08 million base pair chromosome of a modified Mycoplasma mycoides genome. The synthetic cell is called Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1. and is the proof of principle that genomes can be designed in the computer, chemically made in the laboratory and transplanted into a recipient cell to produce a new self-replicating cell controlled only by the synthetic genome. This research will be published by Daniel Gibson et al in the May 20th edition of Science Express and will appear in an upcoming print issue of Science. â€Å"For nearly 15 years Ham Smith, Clyde Hutchison and the rest of our team have been working toward thi s publication today–the successful completion of our work to construct a bacterial cell that is fully controlled by a synthetic genome,† said J.Craig Venter, Ph. D. , founder and president, JCVI and senior author on the paper. â€Å"We have been consumed by this research, but we have also been equally focused on addressing the societal implications of what we believe will be one of the most powerful technologies and industrial drivers for societal good. We look forward to continued review and dialogue about the important applications of this work to ensure that it is used for the benefit of all. † According to Dr.Smith, â€Å"With this first synthetic bacterial cell and the new tools and technologies we developed to successfully complete this project, we now have the means to dissect the genetic instruction set of a bacterial cell to see and understand how it really works. † To complete this final stage in the nearly 15 year process to construct and boot u p a synthetic cell, JCVI scientists began with the accurate, digitized genome of the bacterium, M. mycoides. The team designed 1,078 specific cassettes of DNA that were 1,080 base pairs long. These cassettes were designed so that the ends of each DNA cassette overlapped each of its neighbors by 80bp.The cassettes were made according to JCVI’s specifications by the DNA synthesis company, Blue Heron Biotechnology. The JCVI team employed a three stage process using their previously described yeast assembly system to build the genome using the 1,078 cassettes. The first stage involved taking 10 cassettes of DNA at a time to build 110, 10,000 bp segments. In the second stage, these 10,000 bp segments are taken 10 at a time to produce eleven, 100,000 bp segments. In the final step, all 11, 100 kb segments were assembled into the complete synthetic genome in yeast cells and grown as a yeast artificial chromosome.The complete synthetic M. mycoides genome was isolated from the yeast c ell and transplanted into Mycoplasma capricolum recipient cells that have had the genes for its restriction enzyme removed. The synthetic genome DNA was transcribed into messenger RNA, which in turn was translated into new proteins. The M. capricolum genome was either destroyed by M. mycoides restriction enzymes or was lost during cell replication. After two days viable M. mycoides cells, which contained only synthetic DNA, were clearly visible on petri dishes containing bacterial growth medium.The initial synthesis of the synthetic genome did not result in any viable cells so the JCVI team developed an error correction method to test that each cassette they constructed was biologically functional. They did this by using a combination of 100 kb natural and synthetic segments of DNA to produce semi-synthetic genomes. This approach allowed for the testing of each synthetic segment in combination with 10 natural segments for their capacity to be transplanted and form new cells. Ten out of 11 synthetic fragments resulted in viable cells; therefore the team narrowed the issue down to a single 100 kb cassette.DNA sequencing revealed that a single base pair deletion in an essential gene was responsible for the unsuccessful transplants. Once this one base pair error was corrected, the first viable synthetic cell was produced. Dr. Gibson stated, â€Å"To produce a synthetic cell, our group had to learn how to sequence, synthesize, and transplant genomes. Many hurdles had to be overcome, but we are now able to combine all of these steps to produce synthetic cells in the laboratory. † He added, â€Å"We can now begin working on our ultimate objective of synthesizing a minimal cell containing only the genes necessary to sustain life in its simplest form.This will help us better understand how cells work. † This publication represents the construction of the largest synthetic molecule of a defined structure; the genome is almost double the size of the previou s Mycoplasma genitalium synthesis. With this successful proof of principle, the group will now work on creating a minimal genome, which has been a goal since 1995. They will do this by whittling away at the synthetic genome and repeating transplantation experiments until no more genes can be disrupted and the genome is as small as possible. This minimal cell will be a platform for analyzing the function of every essential gene in a cell.According to Dr. Hutchison, â€Å"To me the most remarkable thing about our synthetic cell is that its genome was designed in the computer and brought to life through chemical synthesis, without using any pieces of natural DNA. This involved developing many new and useful methods along the way. We have assembled an amazing group of scientists that have made this possible. † As in the team’s 2008 publication in which they described the successful synthesis of the M. genitalium genome, they designed and inserted into the genome what they called watermarks.These are specifically designed segments of DNA that use the â€Å"alphabet† of genes and proteins that enable the researcher to spell out words and phrases. The watermarks are an essential means to prove that the genome is synthetic and not native, and to identify the laboratory of origin. Encoded in the watermarks is a new DNA code for writing words, sentences and numbers. In addition to the new code there is a web address to send emails to if you can successfully decode the new code, the names of 46 authors and other key contributors and three quotations: â€Å"TO LIVE, TO ERR, TO FALL, TO TRIUMPH, TO RECREATE LIFE OUT OFLIFE. † – JAMES JOYCE; â€Å"SEE THINGS NOT AS THEY ARE, BUT AS THEY MIGHT BE. †-A quote from the book, â€Å"American Prometheus†; â€Å"WHAT I CANNOT BUILD, I CANNOT UNDERSTAND. † – RICHARD FEYNMAN. The JCVI scientists envision that the knowledge gained by constructing this first self-replicatin g synthetic cell, coupled with decreasing costs for DNA synthesis, will give rise to wider use of this powerful technology. This will undoubtedly lead to the development of many important applications and products including biofuels, vaccines, pharmaceuticals, clean water and food products.The group continues to drive and support ethical discussion and review to ensure a positive outcome for society. Funding for this research came from Synthetic Genomics Inc. , a company co-founded by Drs. Venter and Smith. Background The research published today was made possible by previous breakthroughs at JCVI. In 2007 the team published results from the transplantation of the native M. mycoides genome into the M. capricolum cell which resulted in the M. capricolum cell being transformed into M. mycoides. This work established the notion that DNA is the software of life and that DNA dictates the cell phenotype.In 2008 the same team reported on the construction of the first synthetic bacterial ge nome by assembling DNA fragments made from the four chemicals of life—ACGT. The final assembly of DNA fragments into the whole genome was performed in yeast by making use of the yeast genetic systems. However, when the team attempted to transplant the synthetic bacterial genome out of yeast and into a recipient bacterial cell, viable transplants could not be recovered. Ethical Considerations: Since the beginning of the quest to understand and build a synthetic genome, Dr.Venter and his team have been concerned with the societal issues surrounding the work. In 1995 while the team was doing the research on the minimal genome, the work underwent significant ethical review by a panel of experts at the University of Pennsylvania (Cho et al, Science December 1999:Vol. 286. no. 5447, pp. 2087 – 2090). The bioethical group's independent deliberations, published at the same time as the scientific minimal genome research, resulted in a unanimous decision that there were no stron g ethical reasons why the work should not continue as long as the scientists involved continued to engage public discussion. Dr.Venter and the team at JCVI continue to work with bioethicists, outside policy groups, legislative members and staff, and the public to encourage discussion and understanding about the societal implications of their work and the field of synthetic genomics generally. As such, the JCVI’s policy team, along with the Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), were funded by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for a 20-month study that explored the risks and benefits of this emerging technology, as well as possible safeguards to prevent abuse, including bioterrorism.After several workshops and public sessions the group published a report in October 2007 outlining options for the field and its researchers. Most recently in December of 2008, JCVI received funding from the Alfred P. Sloa n Foundation to examine ethical and societal concerns that are associated with the developing science of synthetic genomics. The ongoing research is intended to inform the scientific community as well as educate our policymakers and journalists so that they may engage in informed discussions on the topic.About the J. Craig Venter Institute The JCVI is a not-for-profit research institute in Rockville, MD and La Jolla, CA dedicated to the advancement of the science of genomics; the understanding of its implications for society; and communication of those results to the scientific community, the public, and policymakers. Founded by J. Craig Venter, Ph. D. , the JCVI is home to approximately 400 scientists and staff with expertise in human and evolutionary biology, genetics, ioinformatics/informatics, information technology, high-throughput DNA sequencing, genomic and environmental policy research, and public education in science and science policy. The legacy organizations of the JCVI are: The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), The Center for the Advancement of Genomics (TCAG), the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA), the Joint Technology Center (JTC), and the J. Craig Venter Science Foundation. The JCVI is a 501 (c) (3) organization. For additional information, please visit http://www. JCVI. org. Media Contact: Heather Kowalski, 301-943-8879, hkowalski(AT)jcvi. org