Bilingual Rap Poetry, Pragmatics And Performativity

Natalie Skouson LING 452 Final Article 1: Multilingual Codeswitching in Quebec Rap: Poetry, Pragmatics and Performativity This article was chosen because of the four it seemed to be the most unique. It does not look like it would discuss any subject that I have read academic articles on before. This would mean that I would have the opportunity to learn new information and that the thoughts and insights that I have from this article are unique to it and not other things that that I have read over the years. This is a fairly hard task to accomplish because I do read a lot and there are not very many subjects that I have not read something on. This article started with discussing the reason that this research subject was chosen. The reason†¦show more content†¦This should give more background for the purpose of the research that they are doing. They then go into a short discussion of the research questions that they are focusing on. These questions are, â€Å"(1) What is the nature and function of codeswitc hing, or ‘artistic codemixing’, in Quebec Hip-Hop? (2) how does codeswitching in Hip-Hop contribute to the creation of a new community among young Quebecois? and (3) within the Quebec Hip-Hop community, what does language use tell us about identity construction?† The authors then continue to talk about codeswitching and the results of their research, moving into a discussion of the results that they found and the application of those results. The findings presented in the article did not surprise me because much of what the textbook had to say about code-switching fell along the same lines. The authors mentioned that the rap artists used this form of code-switching to add identity to their rap. The code-switching that they used is unique to them and their style. In the textbook it says: â€Å"But code-switching is often motivated by more volatile components, such as topic, or the speaker’s attitude toward the topic, or identity creation, or solidarity [emp hasis added]†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Van Herk 2012). I think this last point by Van Herk is important to recognize. While the code-switching in rap may have initially been used to create a unique identity for the artist, as more and more artists start to follow in the footsteps

The Secret to Expository Essay Samples Geography

The Secret to Expository Essay Samples Geography Introducing Expository Essay Samples Geography Explain why some students are made to leave school as soon as they are sixteen. Your essay is supposed to concentrate on why schools insist their students learn a foreign language and the way it can really help in someone's overall improvement. Explain the reason it's essential for students to understand how to do math. Most students have a hard time writing papers on geography because of its complexity. Essay writing is a difficult business whenever you're at college. More than every other sort of writing, expository writing is a daily requirement of the majority of careers. Essay writing provides a great deal of benefits to students in the academe. If you would like your expository essay to receive high grades and grab interest of the audience, you need to always opt for the topic you want. When you proceed through various samples, you won't only get ideas on distinct topics but also know how to apply unique practices to boost your writing skills. The majority of the moment, expository essays are presented by offering a wide range of topics and methods to bring up the idea. You must always start your work with collecting suitable material. As a consequence, their papers are unstructured and frequently pointless. What to Expect From Expository Essay Samples Geography? If you browse for the forms of paragraphs' you will be surprised how many results you will receive. Each paragraph needs to be restricted to the exposition of one general idea. The conclusion is a last paragraph in which you don't will need to offer new details. It should be a construction made of the past few paragraphs. The Good, the Bad and Expository Essay Samples Geography The primary goal of such an endeavor is to supply analysis and data on a particular topic. Also, it's very useful to create a graphic organizer for help. Planning the introduction, you ought to pay exclusive attention to your primary statement. Our expository service is among the most highly reputed on the planet. In this kind of essay, you should describe something without being metaphoric. In an expository essay, you're attempting to spell out how something works or why you think that it's a great idea. In school, it's an unavoidable truth that you're going to be requested to write something about a topic which sometimes you're so eager to finish. Preparing cake all on your own will end up being t he simplest and sweetest gift to reveal your love and attention for your nearest and dearest on their birthday and they will flood you with admiration and love. What About Expository Essay Samples Geography? There are several methods about how to compose an expository essay. There are plenty of ideas for expository essay writing and hence an assortment of topics. As soon as you've chosen one subject from the scope of expository essay topics, it's time to get started writing. Consequently, students may produce different thesis for unique themes to compose essays on hamlet. Expository essay topics could be selected by means of a student as inquiry. While there are lots of diverse varieties of essays, an expository essay is perhaps among the most systematic. There are a couple distinct procedures for writing an expository essay. It is the same as writing any typical 5-paragrah essay. An essay must be clear and unbiased. Your essay will have each of the vital capabilities. Expository essays offer more thorough understanding of a specific topic. While an expository essay ought to be clear and concise, it may also be lively and engaging. For you to produce a great expository essay you've got to think about the topic as it is related to the points offered and the more the points, the simpler the writing. As you have shaped understanding of this issue and made a sort of draft, you can begin writing. You should do your best, so make certain your thoughts are clear, and logical. Before you commence writing, it is recommended to look at the expectat ions and needs of the readers. Expository writing is also the most common kind of academic writing! Writing your essay by yourself isn't always possible due to many constraints like time crunch, an emergency, etc.. Writing the body gets a little more challenging. Typically, you'll want to pick 1 method for each bit of expository writing. You're anticipated to persuade the readers with your arguments, so be certain to include as many supporting academic parts of evidence as you're able to. Try to remember, though you might not be crafting the upcoming great novel, you making an effort to leave an enduring impression on the folks evaluating your essay. If you build a productive outline for your research, you should remember the simple fact that you'll never get lost. The key thing is to remain focused on your topic and adhere to the facts. You will need to present the advantages and disadvantages of such a move, then draw a conclusion accordingly. Thus, you should comprehend each word in your topic. Make certain you understand your topic.

The Theme of Society in Pride and Prejudice free essay sample

Originally written in the late 1700s, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice satirically depicts the universal ideals in Old Regency England, primarily regarding social class. Austen follows the development of an outspoken middle-class British woman, Elizabeth Bennet, as she encounters and overcomes the many social barriers that separate her from her wealthy upper-class neighbors. Throughout the novel, Lizzie must confront society’s class-consciousness, particularly with her family’s growing relationship with the wellborn Bingleys and their friend, Mr.Darcy. It is clear that the author, Jane Austen, intended Pride and Prejudice to be a parody of the Old English society’s extreme emphasis on the social class structure and marriage that is not based on the heart but instead on convenience. Although our present-day social class system is more flexible than it was back then, members of the elite, especially celebrities, are still more apt to marry other upper-class citizens, rather than their social inferiors. For example, in today’s society it is the standard for rock stars, actors and models to pursue partners from a comparable social class. Similarly, a marriage between Fitzwilliam Darcy and Anne de Bourgh, daughter of the distinguished Lady Catherine de Bourgh, is expected because both parties are of equally notable lineage and hail from the same prestigious family. The union between the two aristocrats was planned â€Å"while in their cradles†, according to Lady Catherine de Bourgh, who makes a trip to Longbourn to see Elizabeth after hearing that she is engaged to Anne’s â€Å"future husband†.Lady Catherine is horrified that the anticipated matrimony may â€Å"be prevented by a young woman of inferior birth, of no importance in the world, and wholly unallied to the family† and makes every effort to prevent any chance of an engagement between Elizabeth and Darcy. During this confrontation, Lady de Bourgh’s behavior towards Elizabeth is quite a stonishing and completely supports society’s upper class prejudices and narrow-minded ignorant views towards the lower classes. If Lady de Bourgh had not had such stately ancestry, she may have lowered her social status with her ridiculous conduct.Lady Catherine’s ludicrousness is most likely taken from her haughty ego, which society has helped create by holding the upper class up on a pedestal. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen speaks of a world where a person’s, more importantly a woman’s, reputation is a paramount obsession. A woman is made to believe to have to behave in certain ways; stepping outside the social normality makes her open to being banished from mainstream society. A prime example of this is when Lydia gets an invitation to visit and stay with the officers. Of course, Mrs.Bennet, the most obvious, oblivious, loud social conscious creature of Longbourn is all â€Å"happy go lucky† when she hears of Lydia’s call. Mr. Bennet who is the most stoic contradictory of Mrs. Bennet is even excited. However, when the news provoking invitation turns into a merciless elopement between Mr. Wickham and Lydia Bennet it sends shockwaves through the Bennet household. By becoming Wickham’s lover without being married, Lydia clearly places herself outside the social â€Å"norm†, and her disgrace threatens the entire Bennet family and their standing in society.The fact that Lydia’s terrible judgment would have condemned the other Bennet sisters to marriage less lives is a ridiculous but accurate tell of the stress put on the hierarchy that is Old English society. This theme also appears in the novel when Elizabeth walks to Netherfield and arrives with a muddy skirt, to the horror of the reputation-conscious Miss Bingley. At other points, the ill-mannered, ridiculous behavior of Mrs. Bennet gives her a bad reputation with the snobbish Darcys and Bingleys.Austen pokes gentle fun at the snobs in these examples, but when Lydia elopes with Wickham and lives with him out of wedlock, the author treats reputation and class as a very serious matter. Society is closely related to reputation, in that both have the strictly scrutinized way of life for the social classes of England. Even though the gap between the upper classmen Bingleys and the lower or middle classmen Bennets is as wide as the Amazon River, the Bennets may socialize with the Bingleys.However, they are obviously the lower level socialites and are treated as so. A prominent example of this discrimination was the Bingley sisters’ rude and disrespectful manner towards Elizabeth while she stayed at Pemberley to comfort Jane when she was overcoming her sickness. Austen again satirizes this kind of severe class-consciousness in the character of Mr. Collins, who spends most of his time sucking up to his upper-class patron Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Though Mr.Collins offers an extreme example, he is not the only one to hold such views. His view of the importance of class is shared by Mr. Darcy, who believes in the dignity of his roots; Miss Bingley, who dislikes anyone not as socially accepted as she is; and Wickham, who will do anything he can to get enough money to raise himself into a higher station. The satire directed at Mr. Collins is therefore also more subtly directed at the entire social hierarchy and the conception of all those within it, in complete disregard of other, more worthy virtues.Through the Darcy-Elizabeth and Bingley-Jane marriages, Austen shows the power of love and happiness can actually overcome class boundaries and prejudices, thereby showing that even if prejudices are hollow, unfeeling, and unproductive they can turn out to mean nothing to some people. Nonetheless, people similar to Miss Bingley as well as her friends are still trapped in the warped obsessive ladder that is the autocratic society that Jane Austen portrays throughout Pride and Prejudice. Words: 941

Their Eyes Were Watching God Quotes

'Their Eyes Were Watching God' Quotes Their Eyes Were Watching God is a novel by Zora Neale Hurston. Its the story of Janie Crawford, who returns home and tells the story of the last 20 years. Quotes From the Novel These sitters had been tongueless, earless, eyeless conveniences all day long. Mules and other brutes had occupied their skins. But now, the sun and the bossman were gone, so the skins felt powerful and human. They became lords of sounds and lesser things. They passed nations through their mouths. They sat in judgment.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 1Janie saw her life like a great tree in leaf with the things suffered, things enjoyed, things done and undone. Dawn and doom was in the branches.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 2You know, honey, us colored folks is branches without roots and that makes things come round in queer ways. You in particular. Ah was born back due in slavery so it wasnt for me to fulfill my dreams of whut a woman oughta be and to do.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 2Ah wanted to preach a great sermon about colored women sittin on high, but they wasnt no pulpit for me.- Zora Neale Hurston, Th eir Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 2 Ah wants things sweet wid mah marriage lak when you sit under a pear tree and think. Ah.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 3Janie pulled back a long time because he did not represent sun-up and pollen and blooming trees, but he spoke for far horizon. He spoke for change and chance.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 4Thank yuh fuh yo compliments, but mah wife dont know nothin bout no speech- makin.. Ah never married her for nothin lak dat. Shes uh woman and her place is in de home.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 5Take for instance that new house of his. It had two stories with porches, with bannisters and such things. The rest of the town looked like servants quarters surrounding the big house. And different from everybody else in the town he put off moving in until it had been painted, in and out. And look at the way he painted it- a gloaty, sparkly white.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 5 Janie loved the conversation and sometimes she thought up good stories on the mule, but Joe had forbidden her to indulge. He didnt want her talking after such trashy people.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 6Somebody got to think for women and chillun and chickens and cows. I god, they sho dont think none theirselves.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 6Janie did what she had never done before, that is, thrust herself into the conversation.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 6When you pull down yo britches, you look lak de change uh life.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 7It was so crazy digging worms by lamp light and setting out for Lake Sabelia after midnight that she felt like a child breaking rules. Thats what made Janie like it.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 11He could be a bee to a blossom- a pear tree blossom in the spring. He seemed to be crushing scent out of the wor ld with his footsteps. Crushing aromatic herbs with every step he took. Spices hung about him. He was a glance from God.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 11 Before the week was over he had whipped Janie. Not because her behavior justified his jealousy, but it relieved that awful fear inside him. Being able to whip her reassured him in possession. No brutal beating at all. He just slapped her around a bit to show he was boss.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 17They huddled closer and stared at the door. They just didnt use another part of their bodies, and they didnt look at anything but the door. The time was past for asking the white folks what to look for through that door. Six eyes were questioning God.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 18Once upon uh time, Ah never spected nothin, Tea Cake, but bein dead from standin still and tryin tuh laugh. But you come long and made somethin outa me. So Ahm thankful fuh anything we come through together.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 18Janie held his head tightly to her breast and wept and thanked him wordlessly for giving her th e chance for loving service. She had to hug him tight for soon he would be gone, and she had to tell him for the last time. Then the grief of outer darkness descended.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 19 So Ahm back home agin and Ahm satisfied tuh be heah. Ah done been tuh de horizon and back and now Ah kin set heah in mah house and live by comparisons.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 20Here was peace. She pulled in her horizon like a great fish-net. Pulled it from around the waist of the world and draped it over her shoulder. So much of life in its meshes! She called in her soul to come and see.- Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Ch. 20

The Stark effects of being absurd in society The Outsider Essays

The Stark effects of being absurd in society The Outsider Essays The Stark effects of being absurd in society The Outsider Essay The Stark effects of being absurd in society The Outsider Essay Essay Topic: Literature A long time ago, I summed up The Outsider in a sentence which I realise is extremely paradoxical: In our society any man who doesnt cry at his mothers funeral is liable to be condemned to death. Albert Camus 8th January 1955 The novel The Outsider establishes a being that is a Nomad or existential in a sense of the society he lives in and the wandering on the cliff beside the sea of introversion and poignancy. Meursault is commonly misunderstood and is regarded as a reject. Furthermore he refuses to lie. A lie is a statement made by someone, in the expectation that the hearers may believe it. In the case of the human heart saying more than one feels, Meursault conforms to the existential presuppositions; this is regarding reality as the state of being, the truth, often unheard of in politics and society. Consequently society feels threatened, by Meursaults refusal to satisfy the feelings of others by showing little remorse for his mothers death. His indifference leads him to be condemned by a trial. In the early stages of the book Meursault is seen as an adverse individual towards society, one who speaks his consciousness. Camus creates a paradoxical character against the normality of society, which brings out stark differences through the use of Meursaults ability to state facts. This narrative effect can be seen from the opening passage, Mother died today. Or maybe yesterday; I dont know. I had a telegram from home: Mother passed away. Funeral tomorrow. Yours sincerely. That doesnt mean anything. It may have been yesterday. We see Meursaults inability to conform to humanity in the event of his mothers death, and the use of the short sentence stating quality. He merely retells the dubious facts of her death as mundane as the telegram had stated it. I even had the impression that this dead body in lying there among them, didnt mean anything to them. Referring to his mother to a dead body shows little emotion. Throughout the ordeal of attending the funeral, Meursault treats it with the same destitution of emotion. Conversations are referred to in a chronological order from the catching of the bus to the moment he crawls into bed. Meursault is an anomaly that does not relate directly to others or human experiences, like emotion, affection or love. She asked me again if I love her. I replied much before, that her question meant nothing or next to nothing, but I supposed I didnt. Curious she then asks Suppose another girl had asked you to marry her- mean a girl you liked in the same way as you like me- would you of said yes to her too? He replies with honesty Naturally Meursault enjoys the physical side of his relationship, he likes to drink smoke swim and have sex. When Marie leaves, he lies in bed and tries to get the salty smell of her hair from the pillow. All these things can be pertained. All the secondary characters, contrast to Meursault. Raymond shows anger, Marie shows passion and Salamano shows possessiveness, all these characteristics show that Meursault is detached from society. Albert Camus chose the constituent of heat and sunlight as a metaphor of Meursaults uncorroborated deiscomfort with society. Both of these elements affect Meursault, I could feel my forehead swelling up under the sun. The heat was pushing full against me I set me teeth, closed my fists in my trouser pockets and tensed my whole body in defiance of the sun and of the drunken haze it was pouring into me. These are al connotations of how society affects Meursault drastically. The bright morning sunshine hit me like a slap in the face. This could mean a deliberate rejection from society. Meursault earlier on laments of the effects the sun has on him. I was so tired that I could hardly see or think straight anymore. This quote encompasses the interpretation of the effects and processes of society on Meursault. He finds his mental process is altered, this comment on society shows how it can screen or change the vision of an individual. Again Meursaults estrangement in society is depicted to the reader. The murder of the Arab conforms Meursaults inability to conform to society. The death of the Arab is not the determination of Meursaults fate, around this time Algiers were easily dispensed of because they were considered to be an inferior underclass that had to be tightly controlled. Meursault cannot see any right or wrong with killing the Arab, the action itself was one that is revealed to be caused by the sun in the trial. Meursault is brought to trial; he is not tried for murder, but tried for his virtue. The court system of a Europe institution in North Africa is satirised. The prejudice under French colonial rule would let a man off with a light sentence, however in Meursaults case the jury sees him as a monster for failing to cry at his mothers funeral and commiting unspeakable atrocities while in mourning, swimming, drinking coffee and smoking. The jury fails to recognise personal freedom and choice, which is the fundamental nature of an individuals existence. Society tries to enforce its ideals on Meursault by putting him in jail. Meursault is confused when he realises he is being deprived of his freedom; he tries to understand what is happening to him and therefore tries to understand society. Meursault acts honestly and with no remorse, he feels annoyance towards the magistrate. The frustration Meursault feels leads to more estrangement, which fuels his dislike for society more. In the final chapter, Meursault accepts his fate, which gives him the courage to face his death straight on, and it allows him to come to terms with his position in society. I heard something that I hadnt heard for months. It was the sound of a voice; my own voice, there was no mistaking it. And I recognised it as the voice that for many a day of late had been buzzing in my ears. His voice he hears is the sound of his inner consciousness. This epiphany enables Meurasult to accept his death. He does not wish for his death but in the end invites it its common knowledge that life isnt worth living anyhow. In the last moments of Meursaults doom the prison chaplain tries to convert him. Meursault develops an unsaid philosophy of reality. It gave new meaning to the word life and its true identities. It did not matter to Meursault when or whom committed him to death, he just knew it ended the same. Rejected from society Meursault becomes a martyr in death. When failure seemed imminent Meursaults newly found conscious carries him into a world of discovery. The Outsider is appropriate today as it was when it was first written. Higher powers govern our destiny and if our existence is to mean anything we must find explanation for it ourselves. Camus cardinal rule from a readers interpretation is that society constricts a beings consciousness and indifference, in to the ideals that have been taught since the beginning of time.

Word Choice Rack vs. Wrack

Word Choice Rack vs. Wrack Word Choice: Rack vs. Wrack Neither â€Å"rack† nor â€Å"wrack† are common words these days. However, they are used in some common terms and phrases. And since they sound identical, it’s easy to get them mixed up. To avoid errors in your written work, then, check out our guide to using â€Å"rack† and â€Å"wrack† correctly. Rack (Strain and Storage) The more common word here is â€Å"rack.† It comes from a Middle Dutch word meaning â€Å"stretch out,† which makes sense when you know that one use of â€Å"rack† is a type of torture device: He refused to confess even after a day on the rack. People would use a â€Å"rack† to stretch their victims, so the word has since become associated with causing pain, strain, and distress. It doesnt look fun. We also see that sense of pain and distress in the verb form of this term: His shoulder was racked with pain. This is also the sense of â€Å"rack† we see in â€Å"nerve-racking,† which implies being mentally strained. Oddly, though, the idea of a wooden frame for stretching something also gave us a fairly innocent use of this term. In this case, it refers to a framework used for storing something: Finally, put the cake on a wire rack until it is cool. In case you were wondering, we would choose this kind of â€Å"rack† if we had to spend time on one. Wrack (An Old-Fashioned Word for â€Å"Wreck†) â€Å"Wrack† comes from a Middle Dutch word meaning â€Å"shipwreck.† This link to destruction reflects how the word is still used today. For instance: Clouds roiled in the storm-wracked skies. The phrase â€Å"storm-wracked† here literally means â€Å"wrecked by a storm.† Likewise, you may see â€Å"wrack† used in the phrase â€Å"wrack and ruin,† which also refers to destruction. Storm-wracked skies. However, â€Å"wrack† has commonly been confused with â€Å"rack,† especially in situations where â€Å"rack† means causing pain or distress. As such, â€Å"wrack† is often accepted as a variant spelling of the verb form of â€Å"rack.† For example, we can say â€Å"wracked with pain† as well as â€Å"racked with pain.† But keep in mind that â€Å"rack† and â€Å"wrack† are only interchangeable when used as a verb. If you are referring to a torture device or a framework used for storage, â€Å"wrack† would be incorrect. Rack or Wrack? Most of the time, â€Å"rack† will be correct. However, â€Å"wrack† is now widely accepted as a variant spelling when used as a verb. And the traditional uses of these terms are as follows: A â€Å"rack† is a torture device, so as a verb it usually means â€Å"torture† or â€Å"cause distress.† However, as a noun, a rack can also be a frame used for storage (e.g., a â€Å"spice rack†). â€Å"Wrack† is an old-fashioned word for â€Å"wreck.† It is traditionally used to describe a shipwreck and associated with destruction. Generally, the main place you will need â€Å"wrack† is in phrases like â€Å"wrack and ruin† and â€Å"storm-wracked.† The word â€Å"rack,† meanwhile, appears in terms like â€Å"nerve-racking.† If you need help making sure you’ve used these words correctly, get in touch today.

Beijing Olympics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Beijing Olympics - Case Study Example Interesting fact is that Chinese government hired a Western public relations firm to work on the 2008 Beijing Olympics instead of local firms in order showcase the brilliance of Chinese culture, technological superiority and infrastructure to rest of the world (Foss and Walkosz, 2008 & Fram, 2008). During the Olympic, Olympic organizing committee took help of public relations firm Hill & Knowlton (WPP Group) to handle its public relationship activities (Clifford, 2008). For last many decades, Chinese government is facing problem from Tibet support groups who are protesting against the encroachment of China in their country. China had experienced bad publicity stint due to widespread publicity of the protest of Tibet support groups before the inauguration of Olympic. Pro-Tibet supporters showed their protest in various cities of western world such as Paris, London, and San Francisco and also interrupted in activities like Olympic torch relay before the Olympic. In some cases, Chinese embassies were attacked by Tibet support groups. Sensitivity of the issue forced Chinese government to think about hiring an international public-relation (PR) who can handle the situation professionally (Ballas & Kanoff, 2008). Preuss (2008) has highlighted the fact that, although China had plenty of domestic PR organizations but Chinese government was not confident enough to take help of these mediocre PR companies to represent the country in the world stage. Chinese government took Olympic game as the stage to showcase their efficiency in terms of infrastructure, technology, marketing etc to western worlds hence in such context, taking help of domestic firms might malign their reputation (Preuss, 2008). Assess the reasons why protesters and activists target events such as the Olympics Olympic is an international event where more than 100 countries participate and China was first time hosting Olympic during 2008. Hence it was the perfect timing for protester to show their protest and bring their agenda for free Tibet in front of representative of international countries. Research scholars such as Fram (2008) and Ballas & Kanoff (2008) have pointed out that Tibet support groups have strategically planned the protest program in order highlight their agenda in front of international countries and gain their support on the agenda. The leaders of protesting groups had created a communication plan and training program for fellow protesters for teaching them how to give interview or even rappel (Clifford, 2008). During the course of Olympic, protesters have changed their agenda from protesting the right of Beijing to organize Olympic to human right violation of Chinese government in different parts of China and China’s investments in Sudan (Clifford, 2008). Kalaya’

Business Ethic related to Kraft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Ethic related to Kraft - Essay Example Making enticing advertisements for children about unhealthy eating is unethical. This, in essence, is taking advantage of the minors to achieve business objectives. Several moral principles are relevant to the case study analyzed in this paper. According to Weiss (24), moral principles can play a great role in enabling a business to make informed choices that balance economic interests and social responsibility. A major moral principle that is related to the case study is the principle of common good and community. This moral principle indicates that individuals grow and achieve fulfillment in a community setup. As a result, their social life is greatly influenced by their relationship with other individuals in the community. Giving of wrong or inadequate information to people in the society violates this moral principle. This is because it is an exploitation of the other people in the society for one’s own benefits. The company in this case study violates this moral principle by giving wrong or inadequate information in its advertisements. Children below a certain age are not allowed to make major decisions about their lives. Parents or guardians are the ones who are supposed to make decisions on their behalf. The other moral principle relevant for this case study is treatment of every individual in the society with honor and dignity he/she deserves. Advertising to little children below the age of twelve is failing to treat them with dignity and honor. This is because children are not able to make good decisions related to their health. Therefore, advertising foods to them is like taking advantage of their state and position. This is contrary to the requirements of the Catholic Social Teaching (CST). Moreover, it is contrary to the expectations of the society. Therefore, this is a moral principle that is frequently violated by organizations like

Leaving a Legacy of Hope Essay Example for Free

Leaving a Legacy of Hope Essay So many people when asked what it was that drew them to this field would tell me, â€Å"I go home every night feeling good about the work I do.† Though this is a genuine and relevant answer to the question, it is not mine. I have always said that it is the people that make this work so special. What makes the population of people that we work with so incredible is that they are not caught up with the everyday way of life that you and I are. It is that freedom from conventions which sets them apart. They are not as worried about the latest fads, trends or fashions. They are people shaped through the years of their lives, filled with experience and wonder that is hard to imagine, let alone understand. They are individual’s not so much worried about â€Å"What do you think about me?† as much as, Do you love me? Their character and convictions are steadfast, and though they may be hardened to change, their hearts remain soft and tenable. The following essay has been written for these people, with hopes that it would inspire even a single person to take an earnest look at Oregon’s current service models for Seniors and People with Disabilities, and to keep Oregon as a premier model in which other states can continue to look to. What legacy will we leave? What hope will we inspire? My objective is to utilize this essay to answer these questions. In our state’s history, Oregon has been blessed with so many great advocates and has been a National leader with the Self-Directed Support model of services across the division of Seniors and People with Disabilities. So how will the new generation of college graduates continue this legacy? After an in depth inquiry into this subject and much self reflection, I submit the following. As we begin to take those choice words like â€Å"Independence, integration, productivity, choice and dignity†, and not just make sure our companies or non-profits mission statements included a few of them, not just check off the box on the service plan that says these are being implemented or accomplished, but actually look at the root meaning of the words. Are we really where we want to be? Or can we do better? We have a choice, we can take a rational and intellectual inquiry into our current and proposed service models to see if the services we are providing and more importantly plan to provide fall in line with these words. Or, we can set our sights on mediocrity, from which no legacy will be made. The choice lies with us. Do we remain stagnant and content with the progress made? Do we measure Oregon against the backdrop of other states and take solace in the fact that we may still be slightly ahead of the pack? I think the answer among fellow Oregonian’s would be a resounding â€Å"No†. The preservation of Oregon’s existing legacy as being a National leader in the legislative, economic and social advocacy for seniors and people with disabilities is important. It is something that I conclude can only be done by my previous statement of rational and intellectual inquiry into Oregon’s current and proposed service models. My personal response to this inquiry is based around the philosophy of person centered planning and person directed supports. With the heart and focus of this model remaining on individual choice. At the age of 25 years old, having spent 5 years in human services I have worked within all different areas of Oregon Seniors and People with Disabilities. Through this time, one theme that I have heard loud and clear from the people I have supported is the need for choice, more specifically is choice as it pertains to the location in which people live while receiving services. Which leads me to the following; If Oregon is going to continue to be a leader and innovator in providing the Self-Directed Support model of services, the legacy of hope that we need to focus on leaving would stem from successful implementation of what is known as the â€Å"Community Based Care† models of services. The emphasis of this model being on serving seniors and people with disabilities in ways to help them live and age comfortably in the place of their choice. Rather than emphasizing their diagnoses, medical condition or inabilities, we focus on the things in life that give them happiness, peace and strength. All things that can be accomplished through something many of us now take for granted, and that’s having the freedom and choice of where we live. As the medical field progresses people are living longer and healthier lives than ever before. The number of those over the age of 65 is growing dramatically. There are 10,000 new Medicare recipients added each day. In 2000 the number of seniors over the age of 85 was 4.2 million. By 2010 the number is estimated to be 6.1 million. Beginning in the years 2011 2012, the baby boomers will begin to turn 65 years old. More astonishing then that, by 2030, Americans 55 and older will account for 31% of the population and those 65 and older will account for 20%. From the fiscal standpoint, Community Based Care has been projected to cost as little as a few hundred dollars a month, comparatively to someone who has been displaced from their home and is living in a facility where the monthly cost to the tax payers now shoots as high as $5,000- $6,000 monthly. The SPD population overwhelmingly wants to age in place, to be able to remain living in their own homes. But they very concerned about their choice to do so. In the book, â€Å"Water for Elephants† Sara Gruen, writes from the perspective of a man named Jacob Janokowski a retired veterinarian who is 90 years old, (or 93 he can’t remember which). Below is an excerpt from the book I believe helps illustrate the discussion. â€Å"But Dad, they said, you broke your hip, as though maybe I hadn’t noticed. I dug my heels in. I threatened to cut them off without a cent, until I remembered they already had controlled my money. They didn’t remind me- they just let me rail on like an old fool until I remembered of my own accord, and that made me even angrier because if they had any respect for me at all they would have at least made sure I had the facts straight. I felt like a toddler whose tantrum was being allowed to run its course. As the enormity of my helplessness dawned on me, my position began to slip. You’re right, I conceded. I guess I could use some help. I suppose having someone come in during the day wouldn’t be so bad, just to help out with the cooking and cleaning. No? Well how about a live in? I know I’ve let things slip a little since your mother died†¦ But I thought you said†¦ Okay, then one of you can move in with me†¦ But I don’t understand†¦ Well, Simon, your house is large. Surely I could†¦? It was not to be. I remember leaving my house for the last time, bundled up like a cat on the way to the vet. As the car pulled away, my eyes were so clouded by tears I couldn’t look back. It’s not a nursing home, they said. Its assisted living- progressive, you see. You’ll only have help with the things you need, and then when you get older†¦ They always trailed off there, as though that would prevent me from following the thought to its logical conclusion.† I truthfully believe it is a realistic belief that Oregon can pioneer the cause of helping seniors and people with disabilities live confidently with independence, and the freedom to age with a positive sense of self-worth in their own homes. This is my vision of Community Based Care, and this is the legacy that I hope to leave behind.

Hello, I Must Be Going: Why Improve Communication Technology? :: essays research papers

The interesting thing about the Internet is how it allows us to communicate. The problem with the Internet is how it allows us to communicate. Bear with me. The telephone. Look at a phone, there’ll be a phone quite close to you right now, so just sit and look at it. Admire its simplicity of design, and with that think what you can do with it. By just pressing the correct combination of numbers on this device you can talk to anybody, anywhere. Hell, forget correct, just bash them and see who you get. Isn’t it incredible? When you appreciate it without all you take for granted, for how people might complain and bitch about how they don’t get enough MTV channels that show the same videos, if you can just consider the phone for what it really is†¦ how monumental its ability, how pivotal it is to the world today – the blood veins of the changing earth. Its pretty god damn impressive. And as for mobile phones†¦well. Getting back to the Internet, I’m talking about communicating via computers. Now the Internet is a fine example of how mans efficiency improves a previous invention, like the new Gameboys requiring only two AAA batteries to run, while the first ones needed four AA’s. It’s a geeky analogy, but it decorates the point: using the same technologies as phones, we can now do a hell of a lot more with them. Now we’re well above surpassing the Shannon limit (maximum Kbps through a standard phone line) and new digital technologies allow us to send more, faster. Soon we’ll have optical connections, and then some. E-mail, now I like that. Instant letters, appearing in inboxes faster than it took you to write them. Again, bettering old technology, to use the hideous yet accurate term snail-mail. Royal Mail have just been running ads in Britain – ‘nothing gets through like a letter’. Now there’s a certain truth about that, as the advert states: â€Å"After all, you can’t re-read a phone call.† While that is true, you can re-read an e-mail. You can also print it. However I believe that, although the advert didn’t mention it – there’s something much more personal about a letter, it requires a little more effort to write and send. However I also believe that more people are finding it much harder to summon that effort, considering how much easier it is to e-mail.

Manners Makes Man

A man is known to be good or bad according to the way he behaves towards others and under some circumstances. When his habits and manners are good, he is known to be a gentleman. A man with proper manners attracts the attention and admiration of everyone, whereas the man with ill-manners draws himself the ridicule and contempt of others. Cultivation of good manners should be started from the childhood and it is done so, it would become an asset in life. An accident was witnessed many years ago could be cited in support of such training being given early in life.A man is known to be good or bad according to the way he behaves towards others and under some circumstances. When his habits and manners are good, he is known to be a gentleman. A man with proper manners attracts the attention and admiration of everyone, whereas the man with ill-manners draws himself the ridicule and contempt of others. Cultivation of good manners should be started from the childhood and it is done so, it wou ld become an asset in life. An accident was witnessed many years ago could be cited in support of such training being given early in life.A well dressed and educated couple who appeared to belong to the higher levels of society were traveling in a first class compartment of an express train and with them was their girl child of about 3 years old. There were only three or four other passengers in the compartment. A few minutes after the train steamed out of the station, the child asked for a biscuit and it was given by her mother. When the girl was about to eat that, the mother snatched it away from her hands. A few minutes later this â€Å"drama† was enacted three times, the biscuit being snatched away when it was about to put to the lips.This attracted the attention of other passengers. The fourth time girl asked for the biscuit and when it was given, she said â€Å"Thank you Mummy†, and she was permitted to eat the biscuit. This was a training in good manners, traini ng in courtesy, not given with scolding and rebukes and reminders from the mother, but one of a lesson in self-realisation. This child was made to think and act; It was made to think and understand about the apparently meaningless and seemingly cruel act of the mother. If such training is given to every child the world would be a better place to live in.A man may be wealthy; he may be handsome; or he may, in addition have the advantage of enjoying power and position. But if he does not possess good manners, it would be useless to have such advantages. All these assets would be poor compensation for the lack of good manners. There are many who would put up with even in insults from others, but would not tolerate bad manners. Good manners are invaluable to people everywhere, in every walk of life. The executive in an industrial concern would be honoured and respected more if his manners are such as to be courteous and polite to the subordinates.If a businessman forgets manners and is impolite, if not positively rude to his customers and employees, he will lose his customers and consequently have a loss in business financially too. The same principle applies to the principal or professor in a college or university, to a lawyer or doctor. Good manners as exemplified in courtesy in speech and action are indispensable to traveling medical representatives or salesman, for their success depends upon the possession of this quality.They can be sure of good clientele only if they eschew rudeness or incivility or ill temper Good manners are, therefore, manifestation of good breeding and are indispensable to everyone. The personality of a man is well brought out by his behaviour and speech and these are reflections of good manners. Even a man of ordinary looks or appearance, or a man who is not handsome may make a deep impression on others and give pleasures to others in his company if he possesses good manners.Similarly, an unscrupulous man may also succeed in his ways an d hide his real nature if he develops his manners and passes for a gentleman. His courteous and polite actions or speech may succeed in deceiving others as to his real intention and nature. Such is the effect of manners. A man is known by the dress he wears it is said. He will be better known to others if he possesses fine manners. Notoriety may also result from outward manners. Whether a man is good or bad, popular or unpopular, famous or notorious will depend upon his manners.His company would be welcomed or hated according to the manner in which he behaves with others. Hence, if one trains one?s children is in the development of courteous speech and action and polite behaviour one can be proud of giving to the nation worthy citizens. If you have good behaviour, You can conquer herats. If not, know how to attract others http://expertscolumn. com/content/how-attract-others-and-how-increase-your-personality-want-become-star Know how to become smart from today http://expertscolumn. c om/content/be-smart-today

Bonuses can backfire Essay

1. Yes, I may use bonuses regularly if I become a manager. Because it is obvious that people will be motivated by bonuses. Although pay is not a key factor driving job satisfaction, bonuses will keep employee’s satisfaction level up in the most of time. Work environment will be improved when rewarded, which will make the employee improve their job performance and efficiency. Reward may be back fire but it will motivate the employees work in the positive pace. As a manager, bonuses is a good way to motivate the employees, in order to make more profits. 2. There was a tough time in my middle school. Before the final exam, my mother told me that if I get the better mark in the final exam, he would reward me a trip to japan. Due to this reward, I focused on the study day and night. I kept the studying till the midnight. The bad thing happened was that I got a sudden illness. I had a high fever lasting three weeks and had to have an operation. I not only missed the final exam but also stay in the hospital over three month. The doctor told me that the sudden illness was the result of the heavy pressure. This goal led me offer myself too heavy stress thus I engaged in unproductive behavior which was I kept myself in the anomalous daily schedule. 3. No, I think that providing group bonuses instead of individual bonuses would be less effective. Although providing group bonuses will contribute to the group spirit, providing individual bonuses is fair. Providing individual bonuses is based on the individual’s performance, every single employee will perform better in the work. While providing group bonuses, there will be someone pretend to work and not try him best to work. And the most hardworking team member will dissatisfaction with the rewarding, it is not equitable to the team star. Therefore, providing individual bonuses would be more effective. 4. I would design a reward program concerning the intrinsic interest of employee and avoiding the negative behavior. First, there will be a intrinsic rewards to let the employee recognize the programs and not lose the interest of the task. Second, the reward is based on the variable-pay  programs. And in the company we will enhance the role and discipline of the enterprise, the employee may avoid the unproductive behavior. It is important to design a program.

Global Distributive Justice is Utopian

Global Distributive Justice is Utopian Free Online Research Papers â€Å"The idea of global distributive justice is utopian, incompatible with our natural partiality towards compatriots and irreconcilable with state sovereignty†. Discuss We are now living in a global village. When the distance between countries is reduced the fast development of transportation, interdependence brought by the growing international political and economical collaborations, the notion of â€Å"global justice† is becoming major in the study of international relations and political philosophy. Yet, such globalization does not bring global prosperity and integrity. According to the Human Development Report 2006, the poorest 20% of the world’s people, roughly corresponding to the population living on less than $1 a day, account for 1.5% of world income (UNDP, 2006: 44). Many scholars are advocating for the idea of global distributive justice. A principle that goes beyond the nations, in pursuit of developing a peaceful world. Yet, in practice, there are still many concerns that have to considered. This essay examines the main arguments given by cosmopolitanism and utilitarianism. Then we address some crucial disputes. In the end this essay will test this idea from two principal dimensions of global justice: political and economical that implicate that amplifying the idea of global distributive justice is utopian in this global village in this century. Global Justice in the International Community Nowadays, the literature and researches about global justice are flourishing. The issue of economic inequality among countries is especially been widely discussed since the last century. In 1965, Brian Barry was aware of the importance of international distributive justice, he wrote ‘No doubt it is possible for substantive general principles to be put forward and widely accepted, e.g., that rich nations have some kind of obligation to help poor nations develop their economies’ (Barry, 1990: lxxxiv). The growth of economic and political interdependence after World War II also had lead international community to worry about international distributive justice (Beitz, 1979). Indeed, it is obvious that in the first place, both academic and nations are more likely to concern with the importance of eradicating global poverty. From a cosmopolitan and relatively simple utilitarian view, Singer argues that a principle of redistributive justice should be based on the claim that â⠂¬Ëœsuffering and death from lack of food, shelter and medical care are bad’ (Singer, 1972: 231). He then puts that ‘it is within our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it’ (ibid). In following this principle, it is morally sound that we should sacrifice the non-necessary expense to rescue a child from famine. Although Singer admits there is a possibility for people to have a better assessment to judge what needs to be done to help a person near to us than one far away, he still firmly believes that proximity and distance have no impact on what one ought to do (Singer, 1972: 232). That is to say, if we take Singer’s view to an universalized level, we owe no special duties to our fellow citizens over those belong to other countries of the world (Singer, 2004: 14). However, Singer’s moral principle is overly demanding and in conflict with our natural partiality toward our compatriots and individual preferences. Regarding to efficiency, it is by nature that people would feel more obligated to those in the same community or country. As Goodin (1988: 663) criticizes, people have special duties to those who have special relations with them, such as family or fellow countrymen. In contract to the universality of the general moral principle, some people do have certain special duties that other people do not. Such special duties not only implicate personally emotional preference in fellow citizens, but also indicate mutual extra burdens people have with their compatriots. As Goodin argues, on the mutual-benefit logic, ‘we have special duties toward those whose cooperation benefits us, and to them alone. That they share the same color passport – or, indeed, the same parentage – is related only contingently, at best, to that crucial consideration’ (Goodin, 1995: 279). Goodin also gives an example to address people’s limited psychological capabilities for living up to the universalized moral principle. Suppose there is a house on fire and there are two people trapped in the fire, one is a popular celebrity. The other one is your mother. When the time you have can only rescue one of them, which one would you save (Goodin, 1995: 267)? Although Goodin did not directly answer it in his essay, David Miller, in the other way, gives another similar example, to confirm that people are believed to have a much greater responsibility to their own child, or to others they are connected to (Miller, 2005: 66). To Miller, this point is still perfectly consistent with the view that ‘that it is equally bad, equa lly a matter of moral concern, when any child goes missing’ (ibid). Morally we should pursue a global village with no inequality, in the other words, we are morally obligated to show no bias to those people we have no special relationship. However, as Miller argues, in practice, such cosmopolitanism could only be a thesis of morality and value. It does suggest a global principle of equality yet it does not require a form of global egalitarianism (Miller, 2005: 66-67). Another straightforward cosmopolitan view given by Brian Barry, who puts that in the cosmopolitanism: every human being has equal (ultimate) value (Barry, 1999: 36). To put it to a global level, I would borrow Thomas Pogge’s view, ‘that every human being has a global stature as the ultimate unit of moral concern’ (Pogge, 1994: 124). This claim is clear in support of advocating universal human rights, and it demands, as Miller comments, a form of universal utilitarianism that tells people to ‘enter the happiness of every human being with an equal weighting into the utilitarian calculus and to design policies and institutions accordingly (Miller, 2005: 65). Nevertheless, it needs to be more specified about the scope of the morality. According to Scheffler, this moral cosmopolitanism against any view that limits the scope of justification to the members of any type of group, no matter what political values, communal histories, or ethnics identify it. This claim as well stands opposed to any view that allows the justification to terminate in considerations about any non-derivative interests of collective entities such as state or social groups (Scheffler, 2001: 977). Here, this moral cosmopolitanism’s view is incompatible to people’s actual relations with their compatriots. If one takes the morality of states to posit that state boundaries are limits to the cope of justification, then cosmopolitanism is plainly incompatible with it. As Miller puts, the principles of global justice are non-comparative whereas principles of social justice are comparative (Miller, 1995: 171). Perhaps, as Miller comments, in an effort to amplify global justice, a ‘weak cosmopolitan’ distributive obligation might be interpreted as beneficence. Therefore, under some cases where peoples basic human rights are not protected, and ‘it is not feasible for their own national state to protect them’, there could be obligations of international justice (Miller, 1995: 108). Global Economical and Political Justice It is problematic to fit the idea of global distributive justice into the reality of international community. Firstly, let’s go back to the issue mentioned in the previous part of this essay; the issue concerns the causal responsibility for global poverty. As Pogge argues, the current global order perpetuates and exacerbates the problem of global poverty (Pogge, 2008). Because of the fact that the government of advanced and rich countries imposes such global order, they and their people have this duty to reform the global order and perhaps to compensate for the consequence of their deeds. However, the problem of global poverty is deeply intertwined with the international interdependence in economic development, and the responsibility of global-level and domestic-level causes of poverty needs to be clarified. Regarding to international distributive justice, Rawls notes the aim to design a social system to all: ‘Well-ordered people have a duty to assist burdened societies. It does not follow, however, that the only way, or the best way, to carry out this duty of assistance is by following a principle of distributive justice to regulate economic and social inequalities among societies. Most such principles do not have a defined goal, aim, or cut-off point, beyond which aid may cease. The levels of wealth and welfare among societies may vary, and presumably do no; but adjusting those levels is not the object of the duty of assistance, only burdened societies need help’. (Rawls, 1999: 106) Here Rawls affirms two positions. First, he affirms that the well-off societies have duties to assist those less ‘well-ordered’ and under some conditions these duties may require international transfers of capitals. Second, for a country that fails in providing its people adequate help to sustain the basic living standards, it makes itself vulnerable to justified external interference. It echoes Peter Singer’s claim for principle of redistributive justice. Thus Rawls appeals for principles to regulate organized international collaborations, ‘and taken into account by the duty of assistance’ (Rawls, 2002: 43). However, Rawls is also skeptical about those internal funds could actually help a society to develop a capacity to honor its people’s basic rights. Rawls puts, ‘that merely dispensing funds will not suffice to rectify basic political and social injustices (though money is often essential)’ and ‘throwing funds at [a burdened society] is usually undesirable’ (Rawls, 2002: 108-110). It might be safe to say that, a theory of global justice must take the basic structure of international society into account. These elements of international society include economic, political, and legal institutions, and practices. Beitz also acknowledges the significant role of political justice in the discussion in the study of political philosophy and history. Yet he comments, ‘the problem is that here is no analogous structure at the global level’ (Beitz, 2005: 24). It is difficult to find an executive power with adequate legitimacy to affect the policy-dec ision-making of all nations to avoid the global poverty been exacerbated. One may criticizes that, this argument disregards the contributions of those international organizations and networks, such as UN or Red Cross. Also some transnational networks of state officials are developing a global governance functions (Slaughter, 2004). For instance, the United Nations use Human Development Index (HDI) to examine each country by getting a broader understanding of their people’s well-being. HDI provides a broader outlook of human progress and the complicated relationship between income and well-being. According to the HDI report 2006, in its eight reason for the world to act on water and sanitation, it points out that ‘there is no effective global partnership for water and sanitation, and successive high-level conferences have failed to create the momentum needed to push water and sanitation in the international agenda’ (UNDP, 2006: 37). These words are adequate enough to penetrate the problem of accountability in most international administ rative and regulatory organizations. When any decision made by the transnational institutions arrives at a domestic level policy-making level, there is no mechanism to make the domestic policy-makers accountable to them. To carry out those policies, there are still many technical problems in a domestic level need to be overcome – economical and political structures, culture, and recourse. Therefore, the idea of global distributive justice may get moral support from such transnational networks and institutions, yet it is not easy for them to be put into action in a domestic level. Though human rights nowadays seems like a universal value, however, when global justice is in conflict of a state’s interest, such universal value still cannot reconcile its ideal with reality. In 2003, most East Asian countries were threatened by the SARS outbreak, in the end about a total of 774 people in the world died of SARS (CDC, 2005). In fact, China’s refusal to cooperate with the World Health Organization in the early months of the SARS outbreak exacerbated the epidemic, furthermore, China’s rejection in cooperating between the WHO and Taiwan even complicated the global efforts to control the outbreak (Edwards Tkacil, 2004). When Taiwan was in an urgent need of global support in distributive enough medical equipment, the WHO refused. According to an open letter by Eugene Chien, Foreign Affair Minister of Taiwan, published in the International Herald Tribune: ‘The WHO refused to provide any assistance, such as providing Taiwans scientists with the sample viruses needed in their research toward treatment and vaccines, or sending any experts to advise us on containment efforts. Repeated letters from our Ministry of Health and medical experts to Gro Harlem Brundtland, director-general of the WHO, went unanswered’. (Chien, 2003) This example well manifests that doing something to amplify global justice could possibly stands opposite to a state’s interest. Thus, when there is no clear structure of the responsibility of international community, it seems utopian to reconcile the idea of global distributive justice and state’s sovereignty. Such question as well has been constantly asked in the study of international relations. As Rosemary Foot puts in her introduction of Order and Justice in International Relations (2003), when social scientists examine both the formal procedural and the distributive notions of justice, we could not help but wonder: ‘How can we define the legitimate scope of societal difference in the presence of universalizing process? And who is the we who is doing the recognizing, the promoting, and the defining’ (Foot, 2003: 3)? The questions of reconcile the ideal of global distributive justice and state sovereignty is equivalent to the one between order and justi ce. Hurrells points out that countries like India, Russia, China, and the Islamic world, claim for justice and for just treatment are still mainly made in terms of respect of non-intervention and state sovereignty (Hurrell, 2003: 33). Perhaps now it is proper to borrow Beitz’s comment to conclude: ‘The scope of justification is global but the standards of justification respond to variations in the characteristics of the institutions to be justified (Beitz, 2005: 22). Although the notion of social justice is well applied in the basic structure within self-governing political communities, yet it is not valid enough to expand its application to a global level. Conclusion The idea of global distributive justice remains a difficult topic for the study of political philosophy and international relations. Cosmopolitans ask for a general moral principle whilst others see it oppose our natural partiality for our fellow countrymen. Utilitarian wants to amplify basic human rights in the entire global village, yet others address the undeniable significance of the order within a state and sovereignty. Problems like those this essay have discussed above are inherently problematic. The difficulty lies in the vagueness left by the imperfectly established theory of global justice. What is the universality of general moral principle? Should there be a supreme authority to identify the needy people and command members of international community to take action for the sake of global justice? Those are essential questions we need to answer first. Thus the notion of global justice is not simply the expansion of social justice. Thus the idea of global distributive justi ce seems incompatible to our nature partiality for our compatriots, and irreconcilable to state’s sovereignty. However, the inherent difficulty within the nature of the theory of global justice should be regarded as an opportunity. Given the facts of global poverty and so much unjustness covered by the name of state’s sovereignty, it is worthy for social scientists to refine and propose a more concrete theory of global justice. In order to positively pursue a much just world for our future generations, thus we can expect with hope that a better work still remains to be written. Research Papers on Global Distributive Justice is UtopianCombating Human TraffickingDefinition of Export QuotasProbation OfficersDeontological Teleological TheoriesGap Analysis: Lester ElectronicsThe Equal Rights AmendmentInflation TargetingA Marketing Analysis of the Fast-Food RestaurantAmerican Central Banking and OilGenetic Engineering

Texas Holdem Rules Everything You Need to Win

Texas Holdem Rules Everything You Need to Win SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Imagine this scenario: your friends invited you to a poker night. There's going to be food, booze, and poker. You want to join in on the fun, but you have no idea how to play poker. Well don't worry about missing out on beer and bonding: I'm going to teach you how to play Texas Holdem, so you too can partake in the poker festivities. Texas Holdem (aka Texas Hold 'Em) is the poker game played most often at casinos and home poker games. Becoming a great Holdem player generally takes years of practice and studying, but learning how to play doesn’t take long at all. In this article, I’ll walk you through the Texas Holdem rules. After studying this article, you’ll be able to play online, at a casino, or with your friends. Hooray! Remember, just knowing the rules won’t make you an outstanding player, but you’ll be able to play, and you can get better through practice. How to Win Texas Holdem The goal in poker is to win as many poker chips as you can, one hand at a time. Typically, different chips will represent different denominations of money. You can win chips by having the best 5-card hand or remaining in a hand and having all the other players fold, meaning they give up instead of risking additional chips. The 10 Possible Poker Hands In Holdem, each player is dealt 2 cards (â€Å"hole cards†). Then, up to 5 community cards will be flipped in the center of the table. I’ll thoroughly explain the concept of community cards later, but Texas Holdem rules dictate that your best 5-card hand out of the 7 total cards is your final hand. These are how all the different poker hands rank. The Royal Flush is the best hand and the worst is â€Å"high card.† #1: Royal Flush: A, K, Q, J, 10 all the same suit (all clubs, all diamonds, all spades, or all hearts) #2: Straight Flush: Five cards in a sequence (example: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), all the same suit #3: Four of a Kind: Four cards of the same rank (example: four kings or four 8’s) #4: Full House: Three of a kind and a pair (example: three jacks and two 7’s) #5: Flush: Five cards of the same suit (example: five clubs or five hearts) #6: Straight: Five cards in a sequence but not of the same suit (example: 7, 8, 9, 10, J) #7: Three of a Kind/A Set: Three cards of the same rank (example: three 5’s or three kings) #8: Two Pair: Two different pairs (example: two 6’s and two 9’s) #9: Pair: Two cards of the same rank (example: two queens or two 10’s) #10: High Card: If you haven’t made any of the above hands, then your highest card determines the strength of your hand. (Example: if your highest card is an Ace, you have Ace high, and you would beat another hand in which the highest card was a King and none of the other hands were made.) If multiple players have hands that are ranked the same, the best hand is determined by the highest card within the hand. For example, if each player has a pair, then the highest pair wins. If somebody has a pair of 7’s and somebody has a pair of 5’s, the player with the pair of 7’s has a better hand. If two players have a pair of 7’s, then the player with the highest other card wins. If you're comparing two straights or flushes, then the player with the highest card within the straight or flush has the better hand. If you're comparing two full houses, the player with the highest card in the three of a kind has the better hand. In most hands of Holdem, the winning player will only have a pair, but if you play long enough, you'll see every type of hand. A straight! Texas Holdem Setup Holdem can be played with 2-10 players at a single table. Players sit around the table. Before beginning playing, each player purchases his chips. In a home game or tournament, everyone typically starts with the same number of chips. Usually, each player will put in the same amount of money and get the same number of chips. For example, everyone may put in $40 and get $2,000 in chips. At a home game, you can decide if the winner (person who ends up with all the chips or the most chips) takes all, or if you’ll end up dividing the money among the top 2-3 finishers. Each tournament has its own guidelines. At a regular casino game, the number of chips you get is based on your buy-in (the amount of money you give the dealer to receive your chips). If you spend more than the minimum buy-in, you’ll get more chips. If you buy in with $100, you’ll get $100 worth of chips. If you buy in with $200, you’ll get $200 worth of chips. At most casinos, there will be a minimum and maximum buy-in. Generally, the minimum buy-in will be 50 or 100 times the minimum bet. The Dealer Button At a home game, the dealer button is placed in front of the person who will play the role of the dealer for that hand and bet last after the initial round of betting. After each hand, the dealer button moves to the left. At a casino, there will be a casino employee who will deal each hand, and the dealer button is solely used to determine who will bet last. Again, after each hand, the dealer button moves to the left. Here’s what the dealer button looks like: John Wardell/Flickr If you’re playing a home game and don’t have an official dealer button, you can use any object to function as the dealer button. Just make sure not to use one of the same color chips that you’re using to place bets, so you don’t confuse the dealer button with a bet. The Blinds Blinds are the initial bets at the table. At the beginning of each hand, two players will post bets before any cards are dealt. These bets are referred to as the small blind and the big blind. The player to the left of the dealer button posts the small blind and the player to the left of the small blind posts the big blind. To post your blind, just place your blind in front of you on the table. The big blind is the minimum bet after cards are dealt, and the small blind is half of that. In casinos, at the tables with the lowest minimums, small blinds are usually $1 and big blinds are $2. These games are referred to as â€Å"$1-$2 holdem.† Most casinos will also offer â€Å"2-4 holdem† and â€Å"3-6 holdem.† The first number is the small blind and the second is the big blind. The purpose of the blinds is to stimulate betting. The blinds guarantee that there will be chips to win in each hand. Also, extremely conservative players are forced to make bets and can't just play for hours without risking any chips. Betting Rounds Texas Holdem involves four different rounds of betting. In each round, you normally have 3 options: you can fold, raise, or call. If you raise, you increase the bet by at least the big blind. In no limit poker, the most common type for casinos and home games, you can bet up to all of your chips. If you bet all of your chips, that’s called going all-in. In limit poker, you can only raise by a predetermined maximum amount (normally twice the big blind), and there’s only a certain number of raises allowed per betting round (usually 4-5 bets per round). If you fold, you’re giving up your hand instead of betting additional chips. When you fold, you put your cards face down in the center of the table. Never show your cards to anybody else, even when you fold. If you call, you’re matching the last bet. If somebody bets $2 and the next person raises to $8, you have to bet $8 to call. Additionally, if nobody has bet in a round, you can â€Å"check.† If you check (just say â€Å"check† or knock on the table), you’re keeping your hand and going to the next person without placing a bet. Typically, people check if they have a weak hand or they want the other players to think they have a weak hand (they’re trying to get other players to bet). You can also check if you’re the big blind and nobody has raised the big blind by the time betting action reaches you. Betting Round 1: The Pre-Flop The pre-flop betting round happens after each player receives his 2 cards and before any community cards are turned. Cards are dealt to the left (clockwise), one at a time, starting with the small blind. Betting action starts to the left of the big blind. That player has the option of calling the big blind, raising, or folding. After each person has had a turn and all remaining players have bet the same amount, the betting round is over. If somebody raises, the next person has to call the raise, raise again, or fold. If nobody raises the big blind, the big blind, who is the last person to act, can check and the betting round will be completed. But the big blind still has the option to raise. If he raises, then the remaining players will have to call, raise again, or fold. Players bet by placing their chips in front of them. At the end of the round, all the chips that have been bet go into the center of table and are referred to as â€Å"the pot.† At any point during any of the betting rounds, if all players fold, then the last remaining player wins the pot and the hand is completed. You start a new hand instead of continuing with one player. Betting Round 2: The Flop Three community cards are flipped. Every time community cards are flipped, the dealer should use a â€Å"burn card.† The burn card is the very top card on the deck. The burn card will be placed face down, and then the next three cards will be placed face up in the center of the table and will be the flop. The flop is the first three community cards. After the flop is dealt, there’s another betting round. Action will start with the first remaining player to the left of the dealer button. The same betting rules apply: players can bet, fold, or call. If nobody has placed a bet, a player can check. Again, once each player has had a turn and everyone has bet the same amount, the betting round is completed. If you have the final 7, this is a very lucky flop! (auddess/Flickr) Betting Round 3: The Turn The dealer burns a card and then flips the top card next to the flop. The turn is the fourth community card. Then, there’s another round of betting. All the same betting rules apply. Again, action starts with the first remaining player to the left of the dealer button. Betting Round 4: The River After burning a card, the dealer flips the top card next to the turn. The river is the last of the five community cards. Then, there’s one final betting round. All the same rules from the previous betting rounds are used. If there’s more than one hand remaining at the end of the round, there’s a showdown. The Showdown In a showdown, the remaining players show their hole cards, and the best hand wins the pot. The best hand is determined by comparing each player’s best 5-card hand from their 2 hole cards and the 5 community cards. If their hands are ranked the same, the player with the highest card within the hand wins. If the players have identical 5-card hands, then the players will split the pot. Also, if you don’t want to show your cards, you can â€Å"muck† your cards (place them face down in the center of the table) and automatically lose. You can do this if another player shows a better hand and you don’t want the other players to know how bad or good your hand was. In the showdown, you put all your cards on the table. Literally. (Big Daddy Brent/Flickr) How to Play Texas Holdem: Summary In Holdem, every player gets two cards, called â€Å"hole cards,† and the rest of the cards are â€Å"community cards,† which means they’re used by each player to produce the best possible five card hand. After the blinds are posted, each player is dealt two cards face down. Cards are dealt one at a time, clockwise, starting with the small blind. After everyone looks at their hole cards (never show your cards to anyone else), there’s a round of betting followed by â€Å"the flop.† For the flop, three cards are flipped from the top of the deck in the center of the table. After the flop, there’s another round of betting. Then, there’s â€Å"the turn.† For â€Å"the turn,† one additional card is flipped and placed next to the last card of the flop. Then, there’s another round of betting. Finally, there’s â€Å"the river.† For the river, one last community card is flipped and placed next to the turn. The flop, turn, and river are the five community cards. Players use their hole cards and the community cards to determine their best 5-card hand. After the river, there’s one final round of betting. If there’s more than one player remaining after the final round of betting, players show their hole cards, and the best 5-card hand wins the the pot. If all players fold before the end of the last betting round, the last remaining player wins the pot. Texas Holdem Rules Video Tutorials Here are a few video tutorials so you can see the Texas Holdem rules we just discussed in action. This first video quickly goes through the Holdem rules in under four minutes: This video is slightly longer and provides more explanation of how to play Texas Holdem: Finally, this video takes you through a complete hand of Holdem, discusses some basic strategy, and shows how you can lose with a seemingly great hand: 4 Very Basic Texas Holdem Strategies Now that you've got the basic Texas Holdem rules down, it's time to start thinking about strategy. As you become a better player, you can vary your play and develop an individual style, depending on what works best for you. However, following these strategies as a beginning player will normally give you your best odds of winning or minimizing your losses. Remember that these are just general guidelines for beginners to simplify the game. Play Tight (Especially Pre-Flop) You should only place a bet pre-flop if you have a good starting hand. Generally, good starting hands are pairs, at least one Ace, or two face cards. If you’re in the small blind, if there isn’t a raise, it’s typically in your best interest to call the big blind and see the flop. After the flop, don’t bet or call unless you have at least a pair. One notable exception is if you have at least 4 of the same suit or 4 in a sequence. Then, you have a decent possibility to make a flush or a straight. But if there’s a big bet or raise ahead of you, you may not want to call just to chase a flush or a straight. If it’s a small bet, it’s probably worth it to call. Play Aggressively When You Have a Good Hand This means that if you have a good hand, you should raise or bet. If you have a good hand pre-flop, raise 2-3 times the big blind. If you have a good hand post-flop, raise at least half of the pot. A good hand post-flop is at least top pair, meaning that one of your hole cards pairs with the highest ranked community card. If you have a good hand post-flop, don’t just check or call. You should bet or raise. You can try to get fancy and check raise, meaning that you check, and then after a player bets, you raise his bet. But normally only more advanced players use this move. If You’re the Dealer, Use Your Position to Your Advantage If you’re on the button (the dealer) or close to it, you can decide what to do based on the other players’ decisions. If everyone in front of you checks, it’s possible that nobody has a good hand and you can try to take the pot by betting. The assumption being that if you bet, everyone else will fold. If multiple people in front of you bet or raise, you can assume that somebody has a strong hand, and you should only call or raise if you have a very strong hand. Don’t Let the Outcome of Previous Hands Determine How You Play Your Current Hand In poker, even if you make the right play, it’s possible for bad things to happen. For example, if you fold a 5-7 pre-flop and three 7’s come out on the flop, that doesn’t mean that you made the wrong decision, especially if there was a raise before you folded. The odds of three 7’s coming out on the flop were incredibly low. Similarly, if you bet a good hand on the turn, then a weaker hand calls and ends up beating you by getting a lucky card on the river, you didn't make the wrong decision when you bet after the turn. It's important not to let unlucky or lucky outcomes in previous hands influence your decisions. Focus on making the right play in that situation, and you'll give yourself the best chance to win.

Will more gun law lead to less gun violence Research Paper

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The negative effects on children whose parents push them in sports Term Paper

The negative effects on children whose parents push them in sports - Term Paper Example 397). However, a child’s perception of parental support can greatly influence how or if the child obtains the benefits associated with sport (Lerner, Lerner and Finkelstein 2001, 706). Observable negative effects of parental pressure on children in sport include low self-esteem, increase fear of failing, an increase in physical complaints/illness/injury, feeling inadequate, feeling guilty, anxious and general discontent with sport participation (Lerner, Lerner and Finkelstein 2001, 706). In order to demonstrate the negative effects of parental pressure on children’s participation in sport an exploration and analysis of the literature on the importance of parental pressure and support in the child’s sport participation is conducted. A survey was distributed among 6th grade students at a local elementary school and their parents to compare their different perspectives on sports. The findings in both the literature review and the empirical research study are discussed with general suggestions for parents relative to how they approach parenting in terms of supporting their children’s participation in sports. This research study examines the negative effects of parents pushing their children’s participation in sport. As a lead into this study, it is important to underline the different perspectives parents and children have of sport participation. Studies suggest that children engage in sport for a variety of reasons. For some studies children sport participation is aligned with acceptance by peers (Horn 2008, 279). Other studies suggest that children engage in sport activities for the sheer excitement of winning and competing or to simply improve their social and physical skills (Grolnick 2003, 135). For younger children sport is merely a method for playing and having fun (Laker 2000, 29). Inevitably, studies agree for the most part that how

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Business Description For Students - Case Study Example The business will identify ways to advertise and promote customers in order to reduce competition and to be known widely. Several pricing strategies will be used to determine the price of different cars depending on size. Sales tactic will be adopted to increase the number of net sales. Being a sole proprietorship the business will be managed by the owner ,it will also employ other personnel with the required qualification they include; the manager, cashier(accountant ), cleaners and general workers there will be recruitment and training programs for the employees .employees are to be fairly paid for them to be satisfied, incentives will be used in order to motivate the workers ,the business has acquired license, permit, and bylaws to run smoothly without government interruptions. Necessary support service like banks, postal services, insurance and health services are included for easy run For business to run, various production facilities are to be purchased basing on the size and capacities required. The estimated amount of the machines start the is$ 1.3 million .the scanning machine at the entrance will be unique to ensure safety and attract customers .the, monthly labour in terms of wages and salaries is to be $50000 .the business will have various rules and regulation that will affect the business from running smoothly such as health regulation and operation time The operation cost for the business is to be$ 27500 and the working capital will total to 56000 the projected cash flow statement for the year shows the total sales for the Year to be $482580 the purchases are 1415000.

Public Opinions of UFOs and Previous Research

Public Opinions of UFOs and Previous Research DO THE OPINIONS PEOPLE HAVE ABOUT UFOS PROVE THAT UFOS ARE THERE? Introduction Edward U. Condon, 1968, defined UFO (short for unidentified flying object), as an object seen in the sky and thought to be capable of flight , which observers could not identify. Most scientists studying UFOs adopt such a definition. According to Ruppelt,1956, the first reported photograph of a UFO was made on July 4th, 1947 in Seattle, Washington. Edward U. Condon, 1968 presented a scientific study on UFOs, which influenced the research of UFOs. Since that time, Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), Center for UFO (CUFOS) Centre Nationale d~tudes Spatiale Studies (CNES) Group d~tude des Phhnom5mes Ahrospatiaux Non-Identifiis (GEPAN) has emerged to carried out UFO research. (P. A. Sturroc, 1987). The UFO phenomenon has puzzled the public and the scientist for almost half centuries. According to Patricia B. Corbett, 2015, about 70% American believed that UFOs were real at the beginning of the 21st century. Literature review Don Berliner, 1995, UFO was reported in Government Statements, some was discovered by Radar , some was witnessed by narrator , some was observed by telescope. The Air Force Environmental Technical Applications Center released 3,200 UFO reports received during 1947 -1952. According to Menkello, F.V.,1969, Most UFOs could be observed in daylight with simple geometric shapes: spheres, discs, cylinders and triangles. Gillmor, Daniel S.1969 reported two witnesses observed UFO, silvery, metallic disc-shaped ,10m diameter as well the geometric, psychological and physical factors investigated . The purpose of this study is to establish whether the opinions of the public in regards to UFOs prove the existence of UFOs. Nearly all of the world’s populaces that have held in reserve written accounts of epochs gone by havedocumented the hearings and sightings of weird objects and illumination in the firmament. These objects have often been depicted as gleaming wheels, colored orbs light beams, and diskshaped bits and pieces. In the present day, inexplicable airborne phenomena are in general known as or rather christened- unidentified flying objects (UFOs) or flying saucers. Innumerable accounts of UFO sightings are present and are properly acknowledged in the literature of the study of the class of UFOs. This area of study is extensively known as ufology (Jacobs, 1975). I will discuss various literary works on whether the opinions people have about UFOs prove that UFOs are there. This paper will critique the literary works as well as answer questions like whether there are really UFOs in existence? Whether the reports on the existence of UFOs are conclusive? Different literary works will be examined and critiqued to make a final conclusion on the farfetched ideology of UFOs. The author’s individual records consist of the prime case papers of various past literary works. There are also almost certainly a few aural discussions with key onlookers to the apparent existence. This is a minor primary data base matched up to with the bona fide long-standing case investigators in the field. Some of them are in possession of or have ready contact to the USAF Project Bluebook microfilms consist of all accessible project exploratory papers from the year 1947 to the year 1969 recording almost thirteen thousand sightings. Informal readers would be implausible to encounter an opportunity to interpret such documented documentation even if they aspire to. The closest that such a booklover can get to such data is to interpret either a comprehensive exploration of an exact case assembled by a key case investigator or compilation of facts (Menzel Tavez, 1977). An immense pool of scientific information on UFOs can mostly be found only in the published accounts of witnesses. In addition to it, it can be tapped by the vigilant investigation of particulars in distinct well-documented proceedings or in the amalgamation from many analogous instances. Legitimacy of the facts is guaranteed when the records comprise of scientific information that possibly will not probably have been acknowledged to the witnesses. Oddly enough, evidence from uncomplicated, normal people can as a result be the most priceless. It is necessary to put one’s interest upon the observable fact documented rather than the personality of the witness or supplementary diversionary matters. At the time a UFO generates some noticeable outcome in our surroundings, it should be acquiescent to methodical investigation; that is, it is supposed to have a rational elucidation. As a consequence, proficient examination of UFO sightings and stories will more often than not unveil t he precise mechanism that generates the pragmatic effect, or at least recognize one that may be dependable. All experimental consequences of UFOs, apart from entirely mechanical procedures and objects, carry propositions of gravitational and electromagnetic fields in their locality. The impacts that the sightings of extra terrestrial beings or rather objects can bear an unfavorable influence onthe populace if predisposed in the wrong way. There is no concrete attestation that shows that UFOs arein existence, nevertheless scores of the reported sightings cannot be verified otherwise. The facts from the mainstream media, stories, ora person’s own understanding may time and again manipulate what someone perceives to be true. Various administrations had onceavowed that they had gotten a hold of some extra terrestrial beings and objects. On theconverse, a good number of scientists currently seem to be in agreement that approximately all sightings and accounts ofextra terrestrial beings and objects are not bona fide. Since the year 1948, the United States of America administration has proceedingsof many UFO sightings, including photos of alleged UFOs andinterviews with people who claim to have seen them. In view of the fact that UFOs were cut out as an impendin g security threat the details on these sightings were in the beginningtaken as state secret. As soon as the report was soon after declassified itgave evidence that 90 percent of each and every UFO sightings could be explained without any difficulty (Craig, 1995). The past accounts of UFO sightings and their societal and opinionated perspective and consequences comprises of the extensive subject matter of this study and offers a position for scrutiny of how experts deal with both in public and in confidence, incongruities that come out in relevance to science. The systematic appraisal of unidentified flying objects, specially undertaken by the Air Force in the year 1968 and christened as the Condon Report; accords a multifaceted case for the investigation of how the results and conclusions of the exploration were predisposed by all that had transpired on before in the area of ufology (Hauck, 1976). As per the deductions of this case study on how experts conduct themselves when faced with uncharacteristic phenomena, one could investigate substitute models that may be productive to the study of contentious research topics. One may carry out a textual investigation of Air Force intelligence of UFOs and evaluate them with sighting accounts of the public. The proof concerning UFOs incidental and sprouts from individual authentication and eyewitness stories, which are not approved as conclusive evidence; the witnesses act as the tool of breakthrough. In ufology, the most important researchers are proletarian; as a consequence the proof is indefinite and colored by the standpoint and structure of allusion of the individual researcher. Currently, there are many accounts on diverse aspects of the UFO phenomena based on people’s opinions but this does not validate their existence. Don Berliner et al, 1995 presented case history of UFOs during the period 1944-1994.These cases were from thousands of unexplained UFO reports. Some were witnessed by expert, some were described in detail. Some were authenticated . they formed the basis of the UFO mystery. These case histories offered clear patterns for research and should not be consider as collection of disparate observational errors. Each of the cases represented one or more characteristics of UFO reports: physical traces, radar/visual detection, air-to-air sightings and multiple witness observations etc. Most of these cases involved government activity to some extent. Research  Questions The question in studies of UFO photographs is â€Å"does the report have any probative value in establishing the existence of UFO?† and the secondary question is â€Å"what is the final explanation of each photograph?†(Edward U. Condon, 1968) Don Berliner et al, 1995 said the primary question â€Å"if UFOs are so different from all known phenomena, what are they?† still remained. Patricia B. Corbett ,2015 give his answer to the two question â€Å"What is needed to change the prevailing view of mainstream science concerning UFOs?† and â€Å"what do scientists need to conduct a serious investigation of the UFO phenomenon?† Paul Hill,1995 discusses the question Why UFOs Tilt to Maneuver? in his book â€Å"Unconventional Flying Objects: A Scientific Analysis† CUFOS, 2015, gave the public the answer of the following question:† What are UFOs?†,† Who sees UFOs?† , â€Å" What do UFOs look like?† and â€Å"How fast do they move?† Sturrock, Peter A., 1999 answered the question â€Å"If UFOs are real, shouldnt they produce some real physical effects?† Methodology Edward U. Condon, 1968, carried out a UFO research base on convincing case of photographic evidence and scientific investigation, but Hynek, J. S. (1972) and P. A. STURROC (1987) make specific criticisms on the methodology. A panel of the national academy of sciences, 1968 pointed out that the methodology and approach in were in accordance with accepted standards of scientific investigation. Hynek, J. S. (1972) developed the Close Encounter classification system which was considered as scientific analysis methods for UFOs. Jacques F. Vallee, 1990 carried out A survey of ten cases of UFOs. According to P. A. STURROC, 1987, investigation with one or more considered Extra-terrestrial Hypothesis was carried out in most scientific research. Scientists need conduct a serious investigation of the UFO phenomenon as the following steps :firstly to observe a physical phenomenon by their own eyes; secondly to formulate a hypothesis about the phenomenon; thirdly to carry out experiments to test the hypothesisv fourthly to draw a conclusions based on the results of the tests. Although today’s scientists are interested in UFOs, they refuse to look into the telescope and unwilling to become involved publicly. (Patricia B. Corbett ,2015). The scientific method should be open minded in the data collecting and analysis without prejudice. Sturrock, Peter A., 1999 represented a reasonable overview of the physical realities of UFOs.Sturrock, Peter A. began his study with a review of the historically important Condon Report and considered it scientifically flawed. Sturrock, Peter A’s The UFO Enigma addressed the presentations based on substantial evidence. Sturrock also addressed trace evidence which reported landings of UFOs. References A panel of the national academy of sciences,1968 ,review of the university of colorado report on unidentified flying objects, retrieved on Feb,15th ,2015 from http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/homeland_defense/UFOs/nas_re1.pdf Craig, Roy. UFOs: An Insiders View of the Official Quest for Evidence. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press, 1995. CUFOS , What are UFOs? Center for UFO Studies , retrieved on Feb,15th,2015 from http://www.cufos.org/faq_english_p1.html Don Berliner, Marie Galbraith and Antonio Huneeus UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS BRIEFING DOCUMENT ;THE BEST AVAILABLE EVIDENCE , CUFONS, FUFOR, MUFON ,December 1995, retrieved on Feb,15th,2015 from http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/Rockefeller-Briefing-Document.pdf Edward U. Condon, 1968, Scientific study of unidentified flying objects, released in 1999, retrieved on Feb, 15, 2015, from http://www.avia-it.com/act/biblioteca/libri/PDF_Libri_By_Archive.org/AVIATION/Final report of the Scientific study of Unidentified Flying Objects Condon E..pdf Gillmor, Daniel S., ed., Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, New York Times Books, 1969. Hauck, Dennis W., Editor, â€Å"Pilot Experiences Electromagnetic Effects,† The MUFON UFO Journal, No. 107, p.11, October 1976. Hill, Paul R.1995, Unconventional Flying Objects: A Scientific Analysis , Hampton Roads Publishing Company, Inc., Charlottesville VA. ISBN 1-57174-027-9 Hynek, J. S. (1972). The UFO experience. Chicago: Henry Regnery Jacobs, David M. The UFO Controversy in America. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1975. Jacques F. Vallee, Physical Analyses in Ten Cases of Unexplained Aerial Objects with Material Samples Journal of Scientific Exploration, 1990 Menzel, Donald and Ernest Taves The UFO Enigma: The Definitive Explanation of the UFO Phenomenon. New York, 1977. Menkello, F.V., Quantitative Aspects of Mirages, USAF Environmental Technical Applications Center, 1969. P. A. Sturroc, An Analysis of the Condon Report on the Colorado UFO Project, Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. I, No. I, pp. 75-100. 1987 Patricia B. Corbett , UFOs A Challenge to Mainstream Science, retrieved on Feb,15th, 2015, http://www.ufoevidence.org/documents/doc569.htm Ruppelt,1956, F.J., the report on unidentified flying objects, Garden City, N.Y. doubleday, 1956. Sturrock, Peter A. The UFO Enigma: A New Review of the Scientific Evidence New York: Time Warner, 1999